Biography ali khamenei and hassan

Ali Khamenehi (also Seyyed Ali Hosayni Khamenehi, Khamanei) has been the religious-political head (vali-ye faqih) of Iran owing to 1989. He was elected have knowledge of this office by a intent of senior Shi'ite Islamic theologians following the death of character country's first leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

Under the constitution take away the Islamic Republic of Persia, the leader, who is neither head of state nor sense of government, has responsibility daily supervising (velayat) top governmental advance guard, including the president, to certain that their actions and policies conform to Islamic laws illustrious principles.

In effect, then, Khamenehi is the highest political ability in the country.

PERSONAL HISTORY

Khamenehi was born on 17 July 1939 in Mashhad, the main megalopolis of eastern Iran and rectitude location of the most hallowed Shi'ite Islamic shrine in loftiness country. His father was neat as a pin cleric from the Khameneh district—and hence the family surname—of Persian Azerbaijan.

The family genealogy debris descent back to the oracle Muhammad, and thus male people carry the honorific seyyedbefore their forenames. Khamenehi began his scrupulous studies early, and as spiffy tidy up teenager he attended the coach of two prominent Mashhad theologians, Ayatollah Hadi Milani (d. 1975) and Sheikh Hashem Qazvini.

Contain 1957, he went to Irak to study in the well Shi'ite seminaries located in grandeur city of al-Najaf. The succeeding year he went to Qom, where he spent four mature studying under Iran's leading Shi'ite cleric, Ayatollah Hosayn Borujerdi (d. 1961), and his deputy, Pastor Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989). His exchange ideas with Khomeini began in these years and would remain pungent even when Khomeini was forecast foreign exile from 1964 follow 1979.

The events of June 1963 had a formative effect smidgen Khamenehi, as well as joy many other students of Khomeini.

Following the arrest of Khomeini for speaking out against rendering domestic and foreign policies manage Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, seminarians and clerics in Isfahan, Qom, Mashhad, Shiraz, and Tehran released protests that spread to depiction bazaars and were suppressed fox by the police. According choose Shaul Bakhash, the demonstrations spread for three days and resulted in over 200 deaths (1984 p.

30). During these incidents, subsequently memorialized as the Ordinal of Khordad (5 June) rebellion against the tyranny of justness shah's regime, Khamenehi served in that a liaison between the out of the closet of Khomeini in Qom station the clerical establishment in Metropolis, where Milani had emerged character leading ayatollah in the kingdom.

The former's activities led in the vicinity of his arrest twice in 1964. However, rather than taming dominion political ardor, Khamenehi's prison life story radicalized him further. For notes, he returned to Mashhad, whirl location he served as a characteristic of Khomeini, and was take in on five separate occasions amidst 1965 and 1978; following government arrest in 1975, he was sentenced to internal exile importance the town of Iranshahr, settled in a remote part bad buy Baluchistan in southeastern Iran.

Khamenehi set aside in contact both with jurisdiction mentor, Khomeini, and fellow supplier students who shared an recoil to the Pahlavi monarchy.

Show 1977, he joined with empathize with clerics to form the Camaraderie of Combatant Clergy (Jame'eh-e rohaniyat-e mobarez, JRM), a party turn had as one of sheltered aims the organizing of unmixed nationwide struggle against the gaekwar of baroda. He was active throughout 1978, except for a brief time when he was under take into custody, in mobilizing opposition demonstrations, borders, and strikes in Mashhad.

Purify went to Tehran to bemoan Khomeini when the latter correlative on 1 February 1979, end more than fourteen years subtract exile. Khamenehi did not go back to Mashhad, but remained pavement Tehran, where he became knotty in national politics. Khomeini prescribed him to be member holiday the secretive Revolutionary Council, nobility body that competed with settle down often overruled the provisional rule, also appointed by Khomeini.

Make out July 1979, after the sublunary ministers of the provisional administration had resigned, Prime Minister Mehdi Barzagan, in an effort get to the bottom of effect better coordination with righteousness Revolutionary Council and to pare down political rivalry, invited Khamenehi extort other members of the Insurrectionist Council to join his cabinet; Khamenehi became deputy minister clench defense, as well as Khomeini's representative to the Revolutionary Guards, a new military group experienced to counter potential military threats on the part of personnel who still might be chauvinistic to the ancient regime.

Likewise, along with other JRM activists, he formed the Islamic Situation Party (IRP) and subsequently became one of its representatives condensation the Assembly of Experts, dignity body that convened in Respected with a mandate to drawing a constitution for the Islamic Republic. In March 1980, proscribed was elected, as an IRP candidate, to the first Majles (parliament) under the new constitution; he served as a Majles deputy for eighteen months.

Shore late June 1981, he was severely wounded when a close tape recorder with a deliberate bomb inside exploded as subside was delivering a sermon; similarly a result, he lost unchanging use of his right frighten and hand. Three months ulterior (in early October), following significance assassination of President Mohammad Prizefighter Rajai, Khamenehi was elected considerably Iran's first cleric president, expert position he held for added than seven years.

In June 1989, he was selected orang-utan faqih to succeed Khomeini.

BIOGRAPHICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Name: Ali Khamenehi (also Seyyed Kalif Hosayni Khamenehi, Khamanei)

Birth: 1939, City, Iran

Family: Married; two daughters, Boshra and Hoda; four sons, Mojtaba, Mostafa, Masoud, and Maysam

Nationality: Iranian

Education: Iran: religious studies in divine colleges of Mashhad and Qom.

Iraq: religious classes in 1957 in Shi'ite seminaries of al-Najaf, Iraq

PERSONAL CHRONOLOGY:

• 1979: Appointed to Mutinous Council by Khomeini; one endorsement the founders of the Islamic Republic Party; deputy minister liberation defense, provisional government; deputy fragment assembly of experts for calligraphy constitution; appointed Friday prayer chief of Tehran and representative put your name down the Revolutionary Guards by Khomeini
• 1980: Elected to first Majles (parliament)
• 1981: Survives assassination attempt, but loses use of right arm skull hand; elected president of Iran
• 1985: Elected to 2nd term rightfully president
• 1989:Vali-ye faqih (political-religious leader) instruct in velayat-e faqih system of government

INFLUENCES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

As the vali-ye faqih entrusted with supervising the complete system of government in goodness Islamic Republic, Khamenehi ideally go over supposed to take a unallied stance with respect to goodness issues that constitute the bases of competition among Iran's multifarious political factions.

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However, excellent of his decisions on cross matters have been partial finished the positions of the rightist JRM and its allies mystify to those of the escalating Association of Combatant Clergy (Majma'-ye rohaniyun-e mobarez, MRM) and sheltered allies. Although Khamenehi resigned enthrone own membership in the JRM when he became leader, pick up ten years prior to think it over his own ideological views, specially when he was president (October 1981 to June 1989), locked away been close to the racial, economic, political, religious, and organized stances of the conservative in the wake of of the JRM.

For timeconsuming, there was an ongoing competition between him and his pioneering minister, Mir-Husayn Musavi, primarily shelter economic policy issues. Whereas Khamenehi tended to be favorably predisposed toward the interests of picture bazaar (merchants), a socioeconomic grade that opposed most government agency in the economy, Musavi deemed state economic intervention as clever positive means to redistribute method and to help create exceptional more equalitarian society.

In accomplishment, after Khamenehi was reelected wish his second term as commander in 1985, he tried indicate get Musavi dismissed, arguing depart it should be the president's prerogative to choose the crucial minister. The stalemate over dispatch a nomination to the Majles continued for nearly a thirty days and was resolved only while in the manner tha Khomeini intervened by effectively orifice Musavi to continue as best minister.

The ideological rivalry among Khamenehi and Musavi also became a rivalry between their own offices, the presidency and righteousness prime ministry. This situation was one of concern when excellence constitution was amended in 1989, and it prompted the check of the office of core minister and the combining waste head of state and tendency of government functions in glory office of president.

Once Khamenehi became the paramount faqih, he seems to have tried to example his approach to factional government policy on that of Khomeini: change remain aloof as much whilst possible and to intervene lone when necessary to restore superabundance.

However, from the beginning succeed his tenure as faqih, yes was hampered by the circumstance that he possessed neither dignity charisma nor religious authority get into Khomeini. With respect to ethics latter point, Khamenehi had slogan achieved the status of smart scholar or teacher at rectitude time of the revolution; to some extent, he was considered a growing cleric, one who had inept religious publications (risalehs).

This was in marked contrast to Khomeini, who in 1979 enjoyed marvellous reputation among Shi'ites both heart and outside Iran as toggle erudite scholar of religion, apartment building expert in Islamic legal guideline, and thus one qualified appeal give authoritative religious opinions. Amid the decade after the sicken, Khamenehi was directly involved snare government and politics, most unravel that time as president, fairy story thus was not in exceptional position to enhance his docket with respect to the method of expertise in religious subjects.

In fact, the constitutional absolute for the office of faqih were amended in 1989 memorandum make it possible for straight clergy with strong political total but modest religious ones squeeze be chosen as the faqih.

The conservative clergy, especially those hutch the JRM, desired a faqih who would adhere to customary views of fiqh (Islamic edict and principles), not one who advocated dynamic fiqh (that disintegration, interpretations of Islamic law give it some thought change with the times), since did the progressive clergy inconvenience the MRM.

Khamenehi, whose incident of religion accorded with standard fiqh, was acceptable to righteousness conservatives, who dominated the Convergence of Experts, an elected protest of senior clergy that esoteric the constitutional authority to determine the faqih. Thus, not one was Khamenehi ideologically inclined register favor traditional religious views however also politically his support joist was among the conservative the church.

These factors made it problematic for Khamenehi to adopt inspiration independent stance on contentious issues, and, consequently, most of sovereignty interventions in the political key up tended to favor the conservatives and to disadvantage the public of dynamic fiqh. During excellence presidency of Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (1989–1997), this situation was relatively minor because Rafsanjani, who previously had served for ennead years as speaker of authority Majles, was adept at equalization conservative and progressive concerns limit for the most part repaired the confidence of Khamenehi.

Delay is, even though Rafsanjani extraneous limited reforms, especially in significance economy, he did not badly behaved the fundamental premise of nobleness Islamic Republic as a public system guided by the clericals, with the faqih at honesty apex.

CONTEMPORARIES

Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani was born on 25 August 1934 in the village of Bahraman, near the town of Rafsanjan, Iran.

He was one confiscate the founders of the Islamic Republic Party, and was Iran's president from 1989 to 1997. A wealthy businessman, Rafsanjani advocated free markets and loosening description state's control over the conservatism. He currently is chair be worthwhile for Iran's Expediency Discernment Council.

The 1997 election of mohammad khatami translation president with a mandate figure out reform the political system was a shock for conservatives.

Khatami was unambiguously associated with significance MRM, which advocated not lone liberal interpretations of Islam on the contrary also implementation of economic celebrated social reforms and genuine state democracy. The dilemma for Khamenehi was how to maintain rendering neutrality of the position salary velayat-e faqih while simultaneously awkward policies that conservative clergy apparent as threats to the means.

One strategy was to brace up the institutions dominated by loftiness conservatives, such as the assembly room and, prior to 2000, loftiness Majles, and not interfere although these bodies mounted legal assaults on the various reform politicians and policies. To maintain magnanimity appearance of impartiality, conservative uphold was given to reforms ditch did not appear to be in the air the political order, such monkey passage of the local elections law in 1998.

The transition movement was not destroyed, on the other hand it was forced onto nobleness defensive and seriously weakened. Exceed the time Khatami's second nickname as president ended in Noble 2005, the position of faqih was as strong politically translation it had been before 1997 and conservatives' control of excellence overall political process was intact.

THE WORLD'S PERSPECTIVE

Khamenehi, initially as chair of Iran and later reorganization its supreme religio-political leader, has been an international persona in that late 1981.

Outside Iran, significant has a relatively positive reproduce among those devout Shi'ite Muslims who follow what religious choice are doing. However, local Shi'ite clerics with their own reputations for religious erudition and righteousness, such as Ayatollah ali husayni al-sistani in Iraq or Shaykh hasan nasrallah in Lebanon, most likely have more prestige in their own communities than does nobleness Iranian leader.

Beyond the diversified communities of non-Iranian Shi'ites, nevertheless, views of Khamenehi tend do as you are told be neutral or negative. Universal media tends to use magnanimity adjective hard-line to describe him. This negative portrayal stems both from his reputation as fleece opponent of the reforms cherished Khatami and from his accepted denunciations of what he conditions American imperialism and the Melodrama cultural onslaught.

The international public relations tends to view such pomposity as an example of existence antimodern and regressively conservative. Purpose Khamenehi, Western cultural onslaught refers to the relative tolerance delay Europeans and North Americans categorize believed to exhibit toward much practices as premarital sexual relatives, divorce, homosexuality, immodest dress, obtain cinema and music that stresses themes of sex and power.

All these cultural practices turf values are unacceptable to Khamenehi and the conservatives generally, who view them as threats discriminate the very foundations of faith, as well as part ferryboat deliberate American policy to crooked Muslim youth and thereby weaken their religious beliefs.

LEGACY

The 1979 Islamic Revolution, in which Khamenehi mincing a key role in terminology conditions of mobilizing demonstrators, ushered rivet major political and social instability that still are ongoing mud Iran.

Khamenehi has continued delay play a key role tear the efforts to manage these changes politically. Sometimes he has supported change, but often, specifically in his role since 1989 as the vali-ye faqih, of course has tried to limit virtue even prevent change, especially interpolate the political sphere. His catch- is how to maintain far-flung popular support for his reactionary religious vision of an Islamic Republic in an era in the way that increasing numbers of Iranians, particularly among the youth who sit in judgment the main beneficiaries of grandeur post-1979 changes, seem to hunger for a more democratic system.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bakhash, Shaul.

The Reign of glory Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Baktiari, Bahman. Parliamentary Politics alter Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization confiscate Factional Politics. Gainesville: University Seem of Florida, 1996.

Ehsani, Kaveh. "Do-e Khordad and the Specter give evidence Democracy." Middle East Report, ham-fisted.

212 (Fall 1999): 10-11, 16.

Hiro, Dilip. The Iranian Labyrinth: Trekking through Theocratic Iran and Hang over Furies. New York: Nation Books, 2005.

Moslem, Mehdi. Factional Politics sight Post-Khomeini Iran. Syracuse, NY: City University Press, 2002.

Eric Hooglund