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Amnon baron cohen biography of donald

Simon Baron-Cohen

British psychologist and author (born 1958)

Not to be confused take up again Sacha Baron Cohen.

Sir Simon Prince Baron-Cohen (born 15 August 1958)[1] is a British clinical therapist and professor of developmental psychiatry at the University of Metropolis.

He is the director engage in the university's Autism Research Core and a Fellow of Trine College.

In 1985, Baron-Cohen formulated the mindblindness theory of autism, the evidence for which crystal-clear collated and published in 1995. In 1997, he formulated say publicly prenatal sex steroid theory chastisement autism, the key test be incumbent on which was published in 2015.

In 2003, he formulated nobleness empathising-systemising (E-S) theory of autism and typical sex differences, class key test of which was published in 2018.

He has also made major contributions swap over research on autism prevalence gift screening, autism genetics, autism neuroimaging, autism and vulnerability, autism involvement and synaesthesia.

Baron-Cohen was knighted in the 2021 New Collection Honours for services to mass with autism. In 2023, forbidden was awarded the Medical Test Council (MRC) Millennium Medal.[2]

Early humanity and education

Baron-Cohen was born smash into a middle-class Jewish family beckon London, the second son condemn Judith and Hyman Vivian Baron-Cohen.[3][4][5]

He completed a BA in hominoid sciences at New College, Town, and an MPhil in clinical psychology at the Institute castigate Psychiatry, King's College London.

Perform received a PhD in rationale at University College London;[6] her highness doctoral research was in cooperation with his supervisor Uta Frith.[7]

Career

Baron-Cohen is professor of developmental medicine at the University of Metropolis in the United Kingdom.[6] Crystal-clear is the director of interpretation university's Autism Research Centre[8] captain a Fellow of Trinity College.[6]

He is a Fellow of illustriousness British Psychological Society (BPS),[9] depiction British Academy,[10] the Academy read Medical Sciences, and the Trellis for Psychological Science.[11] He not bad a BPS Chartered Psychologist[9] pole a Senior Investigator at grandeur National Institute for Health mushroom Care Research (NIHR).[12]

He serves makeover vice-president of the National Autistic Society (UK),[13] and was honourableness 2012 chairman of the Folk Institute for Health and Distress signal Excellence (NICE) Guideline Development Change for adults with autism.[14] Without fear has served as vice-president give orders to president of the International Population for Autism Research (INSAR).[6] Unquestionable was founding co-editor-in-chief of rectitude journal Molecular Autism.[15][16]

He was rank chair of the Psychology Expanse of the British Academy.[17] Noteworthy is also a clinical analyst who has created a analysis clinic in the UK tabloid late autism diagnosis in adults.[18]

Baron-Cohen gave the keynote lecture gyrate the topic of Autism instruction Human Rights at the Affiliated Nations on World Autism Comprehension Day in 2017.[19]

In 2024, flair was awarded an Honorary Connection to the Royal Society deduction Medicine for his contributions cross your mind the field of psychiatry.[20]

Research

The mindblindness theory of autism

Baron-Cohen has assumed in autism research for change 40 years, starting in 1982.

In 1985, while he was member of the MRC Emotional Development Unit (CDU) in Author, he and his colleagues Uta Frith and Alan Leslie formulated the "theory of mind" (ToM) hypothesis, to explain the social-communication difficulties in autism. ToM (also known as "cognitive empathy") evolution the brain's partially innate medium for rapidly making sense attack social behavior by effortlessly attributing mental states to others, sanctioning behavioral prediction and social notice skills.[21][22] They confirmed this somewhere to live the false belief test, presence that a typical four-year-old youngster can infer another person's reliance that is different to their own, while autistic children exaggerate average are delayed in that ability.[22]

Baron-Cohen's 1995 book, Mindblindness summarized his subsequent experiments in Take it easy and the disability in Have a rest in autism.

He went in the bag to show that autistic dynasty are blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes build up show difficulties in advanced Turkey, measured by the "reading excellence mind in the eyes test" (or "eyes test") that take steps designed.[23] He conducted the culminating neuroimaging study of ToM fall to pieces typical and autistic adults, pivotal studied patients with acquired reason damage, demonstrating lesions in decency orbito- and medial-prefrontal cortex standing amygdala can impair ToM.[24] Soil also reported the first remainder of atypical amygdala function pin down autism during ToM.[25] In 2017, his team studied 80K genotyped individuals who took the content test.

He found single base polymorphisms (SNPs) partly contribute make out individual differences on this dimensional trait measure on which autistic people show difficulties.[26] This was the evidence that cognitive empathy/ToM is partly heritable. The Public Institutes of Health recommended Baron-Cohen's eyes test as a foundation measure that should be worn as part of the Check Domain Criteria (RDOC) for assessing social cognition.[27]

Empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory

In 1997, Baron-Cohen developed the empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory.

Empathizing includes both mental all in the mind empathy (imagining what someone otherwise is thinking or feeling) most important affective empathy (responding with lever appropriate emotion to what defenceless is thinking or feeling). Systemizing is the drive to critique or construct rule-based systems toady to understand how things work.

Unadulterated system is defined as anything that follows if-and-then patterns healthier rules.

The E-S theory argues that typical females on customary score higher on empathizing allied to systemizing (they are enhanced likely to have a understanding of type E), and agent males on average score a cut above on systemizing relative to empathizing (they are more likely figure out have a brain of category S).

Autistic people are credible to score as an admirable of the typical male (they are more likely to hold a brain of type Ferocious or extreme type S).[28] These predictions were confirmed in calligraphic 2018 online study of 600,000 non-autistic people and 36,000 autistic people. This also confirmed go off autistic people on average selling "hyper-systemizers".[29]

Working with the personal genomics company 23andMe, Baron-Cohen's team bogus 56K genotyped individuals who confidential taken the Systemizing Quotient.

Soil and his colleagues found defer the common genetic variants proportionate with systemizing overlapped with dignity common genetic variants associated capable autism. He concluded that greatness genetics of autism not sui generis incomparabl includes genes associated with feebleness but also include genes dependent with talent in pattern gratefulness and understanding how things work.[30]

Prenatal neuroendocrinology

Baron-Cohen's work in E-S conception led him to investigate willy-nilly higher levels of prenatal testosterone explain the increased rate do away with autism among males.[28] His antepartum sex steroid theory of autism had preliminary support in 2009 in finding that prenatal testosterone was positively correlated with autistic traits in childhood and gained additional support in 2015 put up with 2019 in finding elevated antenatal androgens and estrogens in pregnancies that later were linked dealings a diagnosis of autism.[31][32]

In top 2004 book Prenatal Testosterone row Mind (MIT Press), Baron-Cohen result in forward the prenatal sex endocrine theory of autism.[33] He formal this theory to understand reason autism is more common sediment males.

Using the Cambridge Kid Development Project that he accepted in 1997, a longitudinal peruse studying children of 600 corps who had undergone amniocentesis in good health pregnancy, he followed these race postnatally. This study demonstrated, embody the first time in persons, how normative variation in amnionic prenatal testosterone levels correlates take on individual differences in typical postpartum brain and behavioral development.

Fillet team discovered that in normal children, amount of eye approach, rate of vocabulary development, satisfactory of social relationships, theory a range of mind performance, and scores costly the empathy quotient are be at war with inversely correlated with prenatal testosterone levels. In contrast, he perform that scores on the fixed figures test (of attention watch over detail), on the systemizing quotient (SQ), measures of narrow interests, and number of autistic emblem are positively correlated with antepartum testosterone levels.[34] Within this read his team conducted the gain victory human neuroimaging studies of outstanding ability grey matter regional volumes current brain activity associated with antepartum testosterone.[35] Other clues for grandeur theory came from Baron-Cohen's postpartum hormonal studies which found lapse autistic adults have elevated in circulation androgens in serum[36] and mosey the autistic brain in detachment is 'masculinized' in both waxen and white matter brain volume.[37] An independent animal model insensitive to Xu et al.

(2015, Physiology and Behavior, 138, 13–20) showed that elevated prenatal testosterone beside pregnancy leads to reduced communal interest in the offspring.

Baron-Cohen's group also studied the stand for of autism in offspring insinuate mothers with polycystic ovary feature (PCOS), a medical condition caused by elevated prenatal testosterone.

Significant found that in women reach a compromise PCOS, the odds of acquiring a child with autism trim significantly increased.[38] This has bent replicated in three other countries (Sweden, Finland, and Israel) post is in line with significance finding that mothers of autistic children themselves have elevated going to bed steroid hormones.[39][40] But to in truth test the theory, Baron-Cohen wanted a much larger sample outweigh his Cambridge Child Development Plan, since autism only occurs acquit yourself 1% of the population.

Positive, in 2015, he set share out a collaboration with the Scandinavian Biobank which has stored behold 20 thousand amniotic fluid samples which he linked to afterward diagnosis of autism via blue blood the gentry Danish Psychiatric Register. He proven the prenatal androgens and be seen that children later diagnosed thanks to autistic were exposed to upraised levels of prenatal testosterone, sports ground the Δ4 sex steroid precursors to prenatal testosterone.[32] In 2019 he tested the same cohort's levels of exposure to antepartum estrogens and again found these were elevated in pregnancies wander resulted in autism.[31] These unconventional studies provide evidence of prestige role of prenatal hormones, interacting with genetic predisposition, in magnanimity cause of autism.

Other contributions

In 2006, Baron-Cohen proposed the assortative mating theory which states go if individuals with a systemizing or "type S" brain class have a child, the youngster is more likely to flaw autistic.[28][41] One piece of residue for this theory came hold up his population study in Metropolis, where autism rates are twofold as high in that expanse which is an IT pivot, compared to other Dutch cities.[42] In addition, he found both mothers and fathers of autistic children score above average advocate tests of attention to effectively, a prerequisite for strong systemizing.[43]

In 2001, he developed the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), a set publicize fifty questions that measures accumulate many autistic traits a myself has.[44] This was one human the first measures to put on an act that autistic traits run pale through the general population swallow that autistic people on principles simply score higher than non-autistic people.

Baron-Cohen has replied essay this by saying there trust no questions in the AQ that ask about mathematical keeping, and that the finding renounce AQ is associated with systematic and mathematical talent has anachronistic found in multiple studies, typifying these may have shared appliance such as strong systemizing. Probity AQ has subsequently been ragged in hundreds of studies containing one study of half keen million people, showing robust fornication differences and higher scores prosperous those who work in STEM.[29][45] Multiple studies have also shown that both psychological and life variables correlate with the circulation of autistic traits a particularized has.[46]

Baron-Cohen also developed Mindreading, choose use in special education.[47] Rule team also developed The Transporters, an animation series aimed chimp teaching emotion recognition to preschool age autistic children,[48] and conducted the first clinical trial censure lego therapy in the UK, finding that autistic children ameliorate in social skills following this.[49]

He has also contributed to realistic autism research.

He found wind autistic people are being bed demoted by the criminal justice system,[50] and have higher rates nominate suicidality,[51] higher rates of postpartum depression,[52] and higher rates be advantageous to mental[53] and physical health conditions.[54]

Reception

Spectrum News had described the have an effect of Baron-Cohen on theory wear out mind as "a landmark study".[55] The Lancet described him type "a man with extraordinary familiarity, but his passionate advocacy tend a more tolerant, diverse nation, where difference is respected direct cultivated, reveals a very in the flesh side to his science".[56]

Baron-Cohen's tome, The Essential Difference was dubious by The Guardian as "compelling and inspiring" while his book,[57]The Pattern Seekers was selected slightly the Editor's Choice by character New York Times.[58] A publication review published in Phenomenology person in charge the Cognitive Sciences characterized The Essential Difference as "very disappointing".[59] According to Time magazine, tiara views on systemizing traits challenging "earned him the ire break into some parents of autistic line, who complain that he underestimates their families' suffering".[41] Baron-Cohen has replied in an op-ed just right Scientific American acknowledging the challenges families face.

He has extremely commented that the huge intent of scientific evidence supporting predictions from the mindblindness and E-S theories cannot be ignored.[60]

Baron-Cohen extremity his book The Science look up to Evil were described by Rank New York Times "an in front psychologist" who had "unveiled fastidious simple but persuasive hypothesis accommodate a new way to deem about evil."[61]

Baron-Cohen's "empathizing-systemizing theory" was published in Science, and states that humans may be hush-hush on the basis of their scores along two dimensions (empathizing and systemizing); and that niggardly tend to score higher pass on the empathizing dimension and bodies tend to score higher touch on the systemizing dimension.

Feminist scientists, including Cordelia Fine, neuroscientist Gina Rippon, and Lise Eliot maintain questioned his extreme male sense theory of autism.[62][63][64][65][66] Baron-Cohen has defended the study of rumpy-pumpy differences against their charges farm animals neurosexism, clarifying that gender differences only apply to differences style average between groups of kinfolk and females, and agrees guarantee it would be sexist slab unacceptable to prejudge an unconventiona based on their gender on account of a person's mind may whimper be typical of their gender.[67] Multiple data sets have nowadays confirmed the E-S and latest male brain theories.[68]

Time magazine has also criticized the assortative coitus theory proposed by Baron-Cohen, claiming that it is largely conjectural and based on anecdotal facts.

The theory claims that autism rates are increasing because "systemizers", individuals with more autistic snuff out, are more likely to splice each other and are extra likely to have autistic youngster due to relatively recent obvious changes.[69] James McGrath has criticized the autism-spectrum quotient, writing give it some thought the score increases if suggestion indicates interest in mathematics, plus decreases if one indicates bring round in literature or art.

Purify claims that this leads disapprove of the false notion that ascendant autistic people are strong hit math.[70]

Critics also argue that Baron-Cohen's focus on autistic people shun intellectual or learning disability purlieus how far his findings stool be generalised. Baron-Cohen has undoubted that a disproportionate amount personage autism research globally is conducted with autistic people without funds (intellectual) disabilities and has denominated for more research with autistic people who have learning disabilities, to ensure that autism digging serves the whole autism people.

But he challenges this blame in pointing out that yet among those with learning feebleness, strong systemizing is observed.[71][72]

The impression of mind deficit hypothesis, expressly the universal core deficit trade, has faced many criticisms running away some people in the autism community and from researchers.[73][74][75] Baron-Cohen has commented that many studies have replicated the findings tighten group-level on-average differences, despite greatness heterogeneity of autism in footing of empathy and ToM, inclusive of multiple studies conducted by Dramatist Baron-Cohen in recent years, which found that around 40–60% bad deal autistic people have impaired Put your feet up and empathy, whereas the different 40–60% of autistic people feel unimpaired or above average diminution ToM and empathy.[76][77][78][79]

The mindblindness thesis has faced criticism from heavy-going people in the autism community[80] who have argued that non-autistic people are as blind trigger the mental states of autistic people as autistic people bear out to those of non-autistic people.[81][82] This is referred to importance the “double-empathy” problem.[83] There problem also criticism of Baron-Cohen's idea of theory of mind cut down the grounds that it implies that autistic people as whimper fully human.

Regarding the crowning criticism, Baron-Cohen has agreed ditch the “double-empathy” problem is clean up important contribution to this area. Regarding the second criticism, Baron-Cohen has replied that autistic citizens are fully human and ditch theory of mind simply exists on a bell curve do paperwork individual differences.[84]

Recognition

Baron-Cohen was awarded justness 1990 Spearman Medal from glory BPS,[85] the McAndless Award make the first move the American Psychological Association,[86] prestige 1993 May Davidson Award primed Clinical Psychology from the BPS,[87] and the 2006 presidents' Purse from the BPS.[88]

He received button honorary degree from Abertay Academia in 2012,[89] and was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013 by the Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus-Spektrum as a Lifetime Achievement Premium for his contributions to autism research.[90] He was also knighted in the 2021 New Class Honours for services to folks with autism.[91]

Baron-Cohen's Mindreading and The Transporters special educational software were nominated for the British College of Film and Television Portal (BAFTA) awards in 2002 topmost 2007.[92][93]

In 2023, he was awarded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Millennium Medal for his profession on the prenatal sex hormone theory of autism and description transformative contributions to autism.[2]

Personal life

In 1987, Baron-Cohen married Bridget Lindley.[94] Together, they had three children.[41]

He has an elder brother Dan Baron Cohen and three other siblings, brother Ash Baron-Cohen fairy story sisters Suzie and Liz.[5] Her majesty cousins include actor and comic Sacha Baron Cohen and designer Erran Baron Cohen.[3][95][96]

Selected publications

Single-authored books

Other books

  • Baron-Cohen S, Tager-Flusberg H, Lombardo MV, eds.

    (2013). Understanding Fear Minds: Perspectives From Social Irrational Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Oxford University Retain. ISBN .

  • Hadwin J, Howlin P, Baron-Cohen S (2008). Teaching Children become conscious Autism to Mindread: A Unusable Guide for Teachers and Parents. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Lutchmaya Unsympathetic, Knickmeyer R (2005).

    Prenatal Testosterone in Mind: Amniotic Fluid Studies. MIT Press/Bradford Books. ISBN .

  • Baron-Cohen Relentless, Wheelwright S (2004). An Careful Mind: An Artist with Asperger Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S; Tager-Flusberg H; Cohen DJ, system.

    (2000). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN .

  • Baron-Cohen Mean, Harrison J, eds. (1997). Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwells. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, ed.

    (1997). The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings attach Evolutionary Psychopathology. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press/Taylor Francis Group. ISBN .

Selected journal articles

See also

References

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    Journal of Minor Psychology and Psychiatry, and Confederate Disciplines. 42 (2): 241–251. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715. PMID 11280420. S2CID 3016793.

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    Molecular Psychiatry. 23 (6): 1402–1409. bioRxiv 10.1101/081844. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.122. PMC 5656177. PMID 28584286. S2CID 196478363.

  27. ^Peterson, E.; Miller, S. Czar. (5 July 2012). "The Sight Test as a Measure be keen on Individual Differences: How much cancel out the Variance Reflects Verbal IQ?".

    Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 220. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00220. PMC 3389807. PMID 22783217.

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    Scientific American. Retrieved 14 April 2018.Pdf. Enlighten in "4.4. Autism and excellence Technical Mind". Understanding Autism: Position Search for Answers. Scientific English. 2013. ISBN .

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    "Testing the Empathizing-Systemizing theory of sex differences tube the Extreme Male Brain impression of autism in half neat million people". Proceedings of rendering National Academy of Sciences exhaust the United States of America. 115 (48): 12152–12157. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11512152G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811032115. PMC 6275492.

    PMID 30420503.

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    Molecular Psychiatry. 20 (3): 369–376. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.48. PMC 4184868. PMID 24888361.

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    doi:10.1126/science.1115455. PMID 16272115. S2CID 44330420.

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    Molecular Psychiatry. 16 (12): 1213–20. doi:10.1038/mp.2010.102. PMID 20877284.

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    Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 136 (Pt 9): 2799–2815. doi:10.1093/brain/awt216. PMC 3754459. PMID 23935125.

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    American Journal of Epidemiology. 190 (4): 600–610. doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa219. PMC 8024051. PMID 33521821.

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  43. ^Baron-Cohen, Simon; Wheelwright, Sally; Stott, Carol; Bolton, Patrick; Goodyer, Ian (July 1997). "Is There spruce up Link between Engineering and Autism?". Autism. 1: 101–109. doi:10.1177/1362361397011010.

    S2CID 145375886.

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