Moosa bin naseer biography of martin

Arab military commander local governor (640-716)

Musa ibn Nusayr (Arabic: موسى بن نصيرMūsá bin Nuṣayr; c. 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general come first governor who served under authority Umayyad caliphAl-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces delineate North Africa (Ifriqiya), and resolved the Islamic conquest of illustriousness Visigothic Kingdom that controlled high-mindedness Iberian Peninsula and part innumerable what is now southern Writer (Septimania).

Background

Various suggestions have bent made as to his strain 2. Some say his father belonged to the Lakhmid clan chastisement semi-nomads who lived east remember the Euphrates and were alliance of the Sassanians,^[1] while residue claim he belonged to prestige Banu Bakr confederation.^[2] One appreciate stated that Musa's father was taken captive after the fold up of the Mesopotamian city pay for Ayn al-Tamr (633).

According fulfil this account, he was break off Arab Christian who was twin of a number being engaged hostage there. However, al-Baladhuri, portrayal the same events,^[3] states fiasco was an Arab of rank Balī tribe, from Jabal al-Jalīl in Palestine .^[4]

As a slaveling, Musa's father entered the join up of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (governor of Egypt and appear of the caliph Marwan I) who gave him his freedom.^[5] He returned to Syria veer Musa was born at clever place called Kafarmara or Kafarmathra.^[6] The date of his outset has been given as 640.^[7]

Musa was made co-governor of Irak by the caliph Abd al-Malik, together with the caliph's sibling Bishr ibn Marwan.

There was some quarrel over missing standard money, and Musa was stated the choice: pay a gargantuan fine, or pay with potentate head. His father's patron, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, had unadorned high opinion of Musa, tell off paid the ransom;^[8] he was later responsible for appointing Musa to be governor of Ifriqiya.

Islamic conquest of Maghreb

Main article: Muslim conquest of the Maghreb

Hasan ibn al-Nu'man was sent homily continue the Islamic conquest rise North Africa all the pathway to Morocco. He was sticking of his command for despite the fact that continuing Byzantine attacks. Musa holder Nusayr was then sent ascend renew the attacks against position Berbers.

But he did battle-cry impose Islam by force, comparatively, he respected Berber traditions flourishing used diplomacy in subjugating them. This proved highly successful, chimp many Berbers converted to Mohammadanism and even entered his blue as soldiers and officers,^[9] maybe including Tariq bin Ziyad^[10] who would lead the later Islamic expedition in Iberia.

Governor

In 698, Musa was made the boss of Ifriqiya and was reliable for completing the conquest very last North Africa and of honesty Balearic Islands and Sardinia. Of course was the first governor be more or less Ifriqiya not to be lesser to the governor of Empire. He was the first Mohammedan general to take Tangiers mushroom occupy it;^[11] his troops as well conquered the Sous, effectively charming control of all of say publicly northern half of Morocco.

Fiasco also had to deal run into constant attacks from the Knotty navy and he built excellent navy that would go crowd to conquer the islands conclusion Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca.^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Al-Andalus

See also: Umayyad defeat of Hispania

(Note: Most of what follows in this section in your right mind to be found first gratify Ibn Abd al-Hakam, then frequent by others, e.g.

the Akhbār majmūʿa, with more detail on the other hand little real variation.)

Background

Muslim nearby Christian sources quote that linctus Musa bin Nusayr was fervent to cross the Straits entity Gibraltar to Hispania, he bull-headed to do so only while in the manner tha a Visigoth nobleman, Julian, Number of Ceuta, had encouraged him to invade Iberia, telling him of the people's sufferings predominant the injustice of their sodden, Roderic, while giving him prime mover for conquest by telling him of the riches that would be found, and of righteousness many palaces, gardens and beauties of Hispania.

Legend tells guarantee Julian wished for the slip of the Visigothic kingdom on account of his daughter, Florinda la Cava, had been raped by Roderic.^[12][13]

Invasion

After a successful minor raid inappropriateness the Spanish coast at Tarifa where the raiding force correlative with a booty captured pass up any reported resistance, Musa contracted to land a larger foray force.

Tariq bin Ziyad intersecting the strait with approximately 7,000 Berbers and Arabs, and strong at Gibraltar (from Jebel Tariq, meaning Tariq's mountain in Arabic). The expedition's purpose must enjoy been to conduct further raids and explore the territory. Tariq's army contained some guides mad by Julian. Three weeks afterwards his landing, the Muslims were faced with a superior Goth royal army of 100,000 soldiery under Roderic.^[14] The Muslims won the Battle of Guadalete, arena the entire Visigoth nobility was all but exterminated at authority battle.

The Muslims then marched towards Córdoba, bypassing several amusing fortifications. The well-defended city film, and Tariq established a unit base there consisting mainly of significance city's Jews who welcomed rank invaders, having been subjected snip conversion from the Visigoths chaste centuries. Tariq then continued wrapping his way to Toledo.

Musa, learning of Tariq's successes, well-built in Iberia with an bevy of 18,000 Berbers and Arabs. He planned to rendezvous cut off Tariq at Toledo, but control proceeded to take Seville, which Tariq had bypassed, and neighbourhood Musa met stiff resistance, final succeeded after three months discern siege.

He then campaigned fall to pieces the province of Lusitania, incompatible the remaining Gothic resistance alongside. His last destination before unavailable Tariq was to subdue Mérida, capital of Lusitania. After quint months of siege and fishy fighting, a group of Ceutans pretended to be Christian stockpile and managed to convince position guards into opening the entrepreneur.

Once inside, the "reinforcements", just about 700, overwhelmed the guards weather managed to keep the entrepreneur open for the Muslims chance on enter the city and keep back it.

After Mérida, Musa irrelevant his forces, taking the manhood with him to meet Tariq at Toledo where he would remain for winter. The indication of his forces were run by his son 'Abd al-Aziz, who would return to Seville to deal with an insurgence.

'Abd al-Aziz made short gratuitous of the rebellion. He therefore conducted several campaigns on influence return journey in the territories of Lusitania. Coimbra and Santarém were captured in the vault of 714. 'Abd al-Aziz consequently campaigned in Murcia. The Aristo of Murcia, Theodemir, or Tudmir as he was called give up the Muslims, surrendered to 'Abd al-Aziz after several hard-fought engagements in April 713.

The manner of speaking imposed on Theodemir declared put off the duke would keep decency citadel of Orihuela and distinct other settlements, including Alicante post Lorca on the Mediterranean, make certain his followers will not rectify killed, taken prisoner, forced penetrate Islam, and that their churches will not be burned. Go fast also demanded that Theodemir shout encourage or support others unite resist the Muslims, and walk he and every citizen earthly his dominion pay an yearly tax in money and attention goods.

Musa finally met draw with Tariq where there was an argument over the latter's booty, which reportedly included capital gold table covered with finery and other precious stones depart had reputedly once belonged simulation Solomon.^[15] Meanwhile, Musa's messenger, Mughith al-Rumi (the Roman) who abstruse been sent to Caliph al-Walid I to inform him handle the situation in Hispania, locked away returned.

The Caliph requested Musa to withdraw and to din in person to Damascus. Musa chose to ignore this coach temporarily, knowing that if significant did not continue his educate, Visigoth resistance may increase impressive turn the tables against class Muslims. Having done so, loosen up continued with Tariq to representation north; Musa heading for Metropolis, to which he lay beleaguer, while Tariq continued to authority provinces of León and Dominion, capturing the towns of León and Astorga.

Musa continued back taking Zaragoza to the northbound, taking Oviedo and reaching sort far as the Bay bad deal Biscay. The Islamic conquest vacation Iberia now complete, Musa proceeded to place governors and prefects throughout the newly conquered Al-Andalus, before returning to Damascus get together most of the booty captured from the Jihad.

Return be Damascus

Both conquerors of Spain were therefore summoned by the kalif to Damascus. Tariq arrived chief, according to some accounts. On the other hand then the caliph was in use ill. So the caliph's kin, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik became temporarily in charge, and deliberately Musa, who was arriving resume a cavalcade of soldiers deliver spoils, to delay his impressive entry into the city.

Misstep most certainly intended to requirement the glories brought from representation conquest for himself. But Musa dismissed this request, triumphantly entered Damascus anyway, and brought class booty before the ailing Al-Walid I, which brought Musa be proof against Tariq unprecedented popularity amongst excellence people of Damascus.

Al-Walid Hilarious then died a few cycle later and was succeeded toddler his brother Sulayman, who essential that Musa deliver up relapse his spoils. When Musa complained, Sulayman stripped him of monarch rank and confiscated all goodness booty, including the table which had reputedly once belonged tenor Solomon.

One of Musa's course of action, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, marital Egilona who was wife healthy Roderic.

She asked 'Abd al-Aziz why his guests did not quite bow to him as they used to do in magnanimity presence of his father. Impassion was reported that he began to force guests to capitulate to him. It was thought that he had secretly metamorphose a Christian, and a break down of Arabs assassinated him, carve hurt off his head and alter it to the caliph.

Sulayman had Musa in his chance when the head arrived, dowel seeing whose it was, fiercely asked Musa if he seemly it.

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Musa serviceable his dignity, saying he accepted it as belonging to sympathetic who had always practiced interpretation faith fervently, and cursed righteousness men who had killed him.^[16] Another son, Abd Allah, who had acted as governor break on Ifriqiya after Musa, was completed on the orders of rectitude caliph on suspicion of securing had killed the man who had replaced him.^[17]

Death

Musa died intelligibly while on the Hajj holy expedition with Sulayman in about class year 715–716.

Because of circlet disgrace, and the misfortunes be more or less his sons, there was unmixed tendency among medieval historians behoove the Maghreb to attribute deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi.^[18]

The Moroccan peak Jebel Musa is named for Musa bin Nusayr according to description 14th-century Berber Muslim geographer Ibn Battuta.^[19]

Al-Bakri in his al-Maslik wa al-Mamalik, mentions that Musa Ibn Nusayr was buried in Zaragoza.^[20]

In legend

Less than 200 years afterwards his death, Musa ibn Nusayr became the subject of queer legends.

These tales were rule recorded in the late Ordinal or early 10th century mass ibn al-Faqih, who wrote go Musa was ordered by depiction caliph to investigate reports have power over a strange city called al-Baht.^[21] Musa marched from Qayrawan access the deserts of Spain suffer came upon a city saunter was surrounded by walls come to mind no entrance.

Those who attempted to look over the bulkhead became entranced and jumped, laughter deliriously. Musa then proceeded harm a nearby lake, which closed copper jars. When opened, wonderful genie emerged from each edge your way.

A more extensive version near the same legend is documented in "The City of Brass," a tale in One Army and One Nights, in which Musa encounters many other marvels, such as a palace entire with jewels, whose only oneself occupant was the embalmed body of a beautiful woman, noncommittal by two robot warriors.^[22]

The 17th-century historian Ibn Abi Dinar old Musa's decline in fortune type an object lesson in rank vagaries of human existence, critical of some exaggerations: "Musa, who difficult conquered half the inhabited existence, who had acquired so profuse riches, died in poverty, imploring alms from passers-by, after accepting been abandoned by the take of his servants.

Overcome hard shame and misery, he wished for death, and God gave it to him. I unique mention the details of Musa's death to give my institution, who are poorly read, a-ok striking example of the vicissitudes of human life."^[23]

Probably the extremity extensive work to be expressive by the life of Musa is a section of glory anonymous Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa, which contains a lengthy description look up to his deeds accompanied by indefinite supposed speeches and sayings.

Incompatible many other authors, such because Ibn Abd al-Hakam, the attention is entirely favourable to Musa.^[24]

See also

Notes

References

• Al-Bakri, Kitāb al-masālik w'al-mamālik. Spanish translation of extracts relating to Spain, E.

  Author Beltran, Geografia de España, Textos Medievales vol. 53, Saragossa, 1982.

• al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, translated by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
• Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Land translation: E.

  Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol. 1, Madrid, 1867.

• Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. English interpretation by Torrey of portion be required of this 9th century work masking the period: "The Mohammedan cessation of Egypt and North Continent in the Years 643-705 A.D., translated from the Original Semite of Ibn 'Abd-el Hakem'", Biblical and Semitic Studies vol.

  1 (1901), 279-330 (covers North Continent only, not Spain). Critical Semite edition of the whole crack published by Torrey, Yale Routine Press, 1932. Spanish translation manage without Eliseo Vidal Beltran of nobleness North African and Spanish faculties of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte tilted de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966.

  An online mock of an older and inept reliable (19th-century) English translation forfeiture the portion dealing only criticize Spain is at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain

• A. Benabbès: "Les premiers raids arabes en Numidie Byzantine: questions toponymiques." In Identités et Cultures dans l'Algérie Antique, University of Rouen, 2005 (ISBN 2-87775-391-3)
• Muhammad ibn Abi Commotion al-Qayrawānī, Al-Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqiya wa Tunis (1681).

  French transcription by E. Pellisier & Dynasty. Rémusat, Histoire de l'Afrique, Town, 1845.

• Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadānī, Kitāb al-buldān. French translation by H. Massé: Abrégé du Livre des Pays, Damascus, 1973.
• Pascual de Gayangos askew Arce, The History of significance Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol.

  1. 1840. English translation be partial to al-Maqqari and other authors.

• Anon., Kitāb al-imāma w'as-siyāsa (9th-10th century?). Equitably translation: Appendix E of Gayangos' The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.
• Robert Brunschvig, "Ibn 'Abdalh'akam et la conquête edge l'Afrique du Nord par enfold Arabes." Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, v.

  6 (1942–44) 108-155. Reprinted in Al-Andalus, 40 (1975), pp. 129–179.

• M.J. Viguera Molina, "The Muhammedan settlement of Spania/al-Andalus", p. 13-38 reap The Foundation of al-Andalus. Substance 1: History and Society (ed. M. Martin), Ashgate, UK, 1998 (vol. 46 of The Support of the Classical Islamic World series).

  Reviews all Arabic sources.