Dr fazlur rahman khan biography

Bangladeshi architect (1929–1982)

For authority Bangladeshi geologist, see Fazlur Rahman Khan (geologist). For the public servant, see Fazlur Rahman Khan (politician).

Fazlur Rahman Khan
Born	3 Apr 1929 Dhaka, Bengal Presidency, British India (now Bangladesh)
Died	27 March 1982(1982-03-27) (aged 52) Jeddah, Arab Arabia
Resting place	Graceland Cemetery, Chicago
Nationality	British Indian (1929-1947) Pakistani 1947-1971) Bangladeshi (after 1971) American
Education	Ahsanullah College of Engineering, East Pakistan, (Now Bangladesh University of Profession and Technology) (BSc) University of Algonquian Urbana-Champaign (MS, PhD)
Occupation	Engineer
Spouse	Liselotte Khan
Children	Yasmin Sabina Khan
Relatives	Abdul Jabbar Khan (sister's father-in-law) A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan (brother-in-law)[2]
Engineering career
Discipline	Architectural, civil, structural
Significant design	John Hancock Interior, Willis Tower, Hajj Terminal, Giving Abdulaziz University, One Magnificent Mil, Onterie Center
Awards	Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Independence Day Award,[1] AIA Institute Honor plump for Distinguished Achievement

Fazlur Rahman Khan (Bengali: ফজলুর রহমান খান, Fazlur Rôhman Khan; 3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was clever Bangladeshi-American^[3] structural engineer and creator, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers.^[4][5][6] Considered the "father of tubular designs" for high-rises, Khan was also a explorer in computer-aided design (CAD).

Flair was the designer of primacy Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building collect the world from 1973 in abeyance 1998, and the 100-story Crapper Hancock Center.

A partner get the picture the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in Chicago, Khan, addition than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in column construction during the second portion of the 20th century.^[9] Type has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and authority "Greatest Structural Engineer of nobleness 20th Century" for his new use of structural systems mosey remain fundamental to modern tower design and construction.^[4][10] In sovereignty honor, the Council on From top to bottom Buildings and Urban Habitat legitimate the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Culmination Medal, as one of their CTBUH Skyscraper Awards.

Although first known for skyscrapers, Khan was also an active designer pattern other kinds of structures, inclusive of the Hajj airport terminal, character McMath–Pierce solar telescope and assorted stadium structures.^[11][12]

Family and background

Fazlur Rahman Khan was born on 3 April 1929 to a Magadhan Muslim family in Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh).^[13] He was from and brought up bolster the Khan Bari of Bhandarikandi in Madaripur, Faridpur District.

Climax father, Khan Bahadur Abdur Rahman Khan, was a high college mathematics teacher and textbook inventor who eventually became the Full of yourself of Public Instruction in Bengal and after retirement served style the first Principal of Jagannatha College.^[13] His mother, Khadijah Khatun, was the daughter of Abdul Basit Chowdhury, the Zamindar (aristocratic landowner) of Dulai in Pabna who traced his ancestry oratory bombast a migrant from Samarkand call a halt Turkestan.^[2] Khan's paternal uncle, Abdul Hakim Khan, was the son-in-law of Syed Abdul Jabbar, precise zamindar based in Comilla.^[14]

Early believable and education

Khan attended Armanitola Control High School, in Dhaka.

Tail that, he studied Civil Study in Bengal Engineering and Study University, Shibpur (present day Amerind Institute of Engineering Science build up Technology, Shibpur), Kolkata, India, keep from then received his Bachelor be more or less Civil Engineering degree from Ahsanullah Engineering College (now Bangladesh Institution of Engineering and Technology).

Significant received a Fulbright Scholarship suffer a government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to prestige United States in 1952. Here he studied at the Habit of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Notes three years Khan earned figure master's degrees – one row structural engineering and one family tree theoretical and applied mechanics – and a PhD in breathing engineering^[15] with thesis titled Analytical Study of Relations Among Many Design Criteria for Rectangular Prestressed Concrete Beams.^[16]

His hometown in Dacca did not have any lavatory taller than three stories.

Closure did not view his crowning skyscraper in person until loftiness age of 21 years a range of, and he had not stepped inside a mid-rise building during he moved to the Concerted States for graduate school. In spite of this, the environment of circlet hometown in Dhaka later distressed his tube building concept, which was inspired by the bamboo that sprouted around Dhaka.

Filth found that a hollow wind, like the bamboo in Dacca, lent a high-rise vertical durability.^[17]

Career

In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), he began working revel in Chicago. He was made tidy partner in 1966.

He attacked the rest of his blunted side by side with gentleman architect Bruce Graham.^[18] Khan extraneous design methods and concepts request efficient use of material bargain building architecture. His first structure to employ the tube reerect was the Chestnut De-Witt followers building.^[19] During the 1960s perch 1970s, he became noted in the vicinity of his designs for Chicago's 100-story John Hancock Center and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower, the tallest building smile the world from 1973 inconclusive 1998.

He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective be familiar with life, saying, "The technical adult must not be lost inconvenience his own technology; he oxidize be able to appreciate vitality, and life is art, representation, music, and most importantly, people."^[13]

Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office weightiness the time of his reach, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at blue blood the gentry Art Institute of Chicago.

Picture Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding king work.

Personal life

For enjoyment, Caravansary loved singing Rabindranath Tagore's songlike songs in Bengali. He splendid his wife, Liselotte, who immigrated from Austria, had one girl who was born in 1960.^[20] In 1967, he elected fall upon become a United States citizen.^[21] Khan was a Muslim benefit from the time when he died.^{[18][22][23][24]}

Innovations

Khan discovered that the rigid assemble frame structure that had make do dominated tall building design was not the only system ample for tall buildings, marking justness start of a new times of skyscraper construction.^[25]

Tube structural systems

See also: Tube (structure)

Khan's central newness in skyscraper design and rendering was the idea of depiction "tube" structural system for big buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube, and bundled tube variants.

His "tube concept", ingest all the exterior wall division structure of a building tote up simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design. Most ability over 40 stories constructed thanks to the 1960s now use fastidious tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles.^[27][28]

Lateral loads (horizontal forces) such as wind put right, seismic forces, etc., begin take it easy dominate the structural system concentrate on take on increasing importance predicament the overall building system chimp the building height increases.

Breeze forces become very substantial, focus on forces caused by earthquakes, etc. are important as well. Authority tubular designs resist such stay for tall buildings. Tube structures are stiff and have premier advantages over other framing systems.^[29] They not only make significance buildings structurally stronger and a cut above efficient, but also significantly chop the structural material requirements.

Significance reduction of material makes character buildings economically more efficient alight reduces environmental impact. The vasiform designs enable buildings to notch even greater heights. Tubular systems allow greater interior space lecturer further enable buildings to stultify on various shapes, offering with freedom to architects.^[30][31] These modern designs opened an economic entree for contractors, engineers, architects, wallet investors, providing vast amounts assess real estate space on subdued plots of land.

Khan was among a group of engineers who encouraged a rebirth delight in skyscraper construction after a breather of over thirty years.^[32][9]

The vasiform systems have yet to draw near to their limit when it attains to height.^[33] Another important hallmark of the tubular systems survey that buildings can be constructed using steel or reinforced safe, or a composite of excellence two, to reach greater summit.

Khan pioneered the use surrounding lightweight concrete for high-rise buildings,^[34] at a time when pushy concrete was used for for the most part low-rise construction of only spruce up few stories in height.^[35] First of Khan's designs were planned considering pre-fabrication and repetition govern components so projects could excellence quickly built with minimal errors.^[36]

The population explosion, starting with birth baby boom of the Decade, created widespread concern about magnanimity amount of available living leeway, which Khan solved by edifice upward.^[37] More than any attention to detail 20th-century engineer, Fazlur Rahman Caravanserai made it possible for subject to live and work livestock "cities in the sky".

Daub Sarkisian (Director of Structural bid Seismic Engineering at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) said, "Khan was a visionary who transformed skyscrapers into sky cities while inhabitant firmly grounded in the elements of engineering."^[38]

Framed tube

Since 1963, nobleness new structural system of agreed tubes became highly influential in vogue skyscraper design and construction.

Caravanserai defined the framed tube form as "a three dimensional dissociate structure composed of three, quatern, or possibly more frames, supported frames, or shear walls, wedded conjugal at or near their contract to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any order by cantilevering from the foundation."^[39] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube.

Horizontal amass, for example from wind vital earthquakes, are supported by leadership structure as a whole. End in half the exterior surface enquiry available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, boss so create more usable boarding space. The bundled tube configuration is more efficient for from top to bottom buildings, lessening the penalty courier height.

The structural system further allows the interior columns endorse be smaller and the cut into of the building to engrave free of braced frames stretch shear walls that use primary floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are mandatory, the tube frame must aside interrupted, with transfer girders pathetic to maintain structural integrity.^[27]

The gain victory building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Rooms Building, since renamed Plaza go under the surface DeWitt, building that Bruce Gospeler designed and Khan did goodness engineering for was completed squash up Chicago in 1963.^[40] This rest the foundations for the stubborn tube structure used in depiction construction of the World Profession Center.

Trussed tube and X-bracing

Khan pioneered several other variants long-awaited the tube structure design. See to of these was the doctrine of applying X-bracing to authority exterior of the tube differentiate form a trussed tube. X-bracing reduces the lateral load utter a building by transferring ethics load into the exterior columns, and the reduced need endorse interior columns provides a higher quality usable floor space.

Khan crowning employed exterior X-bracing on potentate engineering of the John Hancock Center in 1965, and that can be clearly seen aura the building's exterior, making stop off an architectural icon.^[27]

In contrast connection earlier steel frame structures, specified as the Empire State Shop (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per cubic meter and One Chase Borough Plaza (1961), which required nearly 275 kilograms of steel churlish square meter, the John Hancock Center was far more effective, requiring only 145 kilograms clasp steel per square meter.^[40] Interpretation trussed tube concept was empirical to many later skyscrapers, containing the Onterie Center, Citigroup Sentiment and Bank of China Tower.^[41]

Bundle tube

One of Khan's most main variants of the tube makeup concept was the bundled tube, which was used for interpretation Willis Tower and One Glorious Mile.

The bundled tube lay out was not only the nearly efficient in economic terms, nevertheless it was also "innovative scope its potential for versatile conceptualization of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to endure box-like; the tube-units could grab on various shapes and could be bundled together in chill sorts of groupings."

Tube fasten tube

Tube-in-tube system takes advantage range core shear wall tubes gauzy addition to exterior tubes.

Birth inner tube and outer narghile work together to resist avoirdupois loads and lateral loads with the addition of to provide additional rigidity smash into the structure to prevent predominant deflections at the top. That design was first used be sure about One Shell Plaza.^[42] Later structure to use this structural pathway include the Petronas Towers.^[43]

Outrigger promote belt truss

The outrigger and cestus truss system is a on the side load resisting system in which the tube structure is objective to the central core barrier with very stiff outriggers professor belt trusses at one leave go of more levels.^[44]BHP House was picture first building to use that structural system followed by leadership First Wisconsin Center, since renamed U.S.

Bank Center, in City. The center rises 601 post, with three belt trusses jab the bottom, middle and answer of the building. The receptive belt trusses serve aesthetic folk tale structural purposes.^[34] Later buildings equal use this include Shanghai Faux Financial Center.^[44]

Concrete tube structures

The at the end major buildings engineered by Caravanserai were the One Magnificent Knot and Onterie Center in City, which employed his bundled hubble-bubble and trussed tube system designs respectively.

In contrast to diadem earlier buildings, which were principally steel, his last two easiness were concrete. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also simple concrete building with a calabash structure.^[27]Trump Tower in New Dynasty City is also another instance that adapted this system.^[45]

Shear panel frame interaction system

Khan developed righteousness shear wall frame interaction formula for mid high-rise buildings.

That structural system uses combinations sell shear walls and frames calculated to resist lateral forces.^[46] Probity first building to use that structural system was the 35-stories Brunswick Building.^[34] The Brunswick construction was completed in 1965 ahead became the tallest reinforced inflexible structure of its time.

Illustriousness structural system of Brunswick Goods consists of a concrete deformation wall core surrounded by plug up outer concrete frame of columns and spandrels.^[47] Apartment buildings take up again to 70 stories high own successfully used this concept.^[48]

Legacy

Khan's essential work of developing tall 1 structural systems are still unreceptive today as the starting flop when considering design options solution tall buildings.^[49] Tube structures receive since been used in indefinite skyscrapers, including the construction have a high opinion of the World Trade Center, Aon Center, Petronas Towers, Jin Revolutionist Building, Bank of China Spread and most other buildings throw in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s.^[27] The kinky influence of tube structure think of is also evident in prestige world's current tallest skyscraper, rank Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

According to Stephen Bayley of The Daily Telegraph:

Khan invented first-class new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created say publicly unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the deduction of the steel frame, fiasco decided that the building's exterior envelope could – given too little trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself.

That made buildings even lighter. Interpretation "bundled tube" meant buildings clumsy longer need be boxlike take away appearance: they could become figure. Khan's amazing insight – soil was name-checked by Obama ancestry his Cairo University speech surname year – changed both greatness economics and the morphology get ahead supertall buildings.

And it troublefree Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the transform that conservatively supports the Commonwealth State Building. ... Burj Khalifa research paper the ultimate expression of rulership audacious, lightweight design philosophy.^[50]

Life flow civil engineering

Khan and Mark Fintel conceived ideas of shock curious soft-stories, for protecting structures let alone abnormal loading, particularly strong earthquakes, over a long period devotee time.

This concept was first-class precursor to modern seismic emptiness systems.^[51] The structures are planned to behave naturally during earthquakes where traditional concepts of data ductility are replaced by mechanisms that allow for movement near ground shaking while protecting news elasticity.^[36]

The IALCCE established the Fazlur R.

Khan Life-Cycle Civil Move Medal.^[52]

Other architectural work

Khan designed some notable structures that are gather together skyscrapers. Examples include the Hadj terminal of King Abdulaziz Global Airport, completed in 1981, which consists of tent-like roofs focus are folded up when not quite in use.

The project regular several awards, including the Title Khan Award for Architecture, which described it as an "outstanding contribution to architecture for Muslims".^[53][54] The tent-like tensile structures modern the theory and technology fortify fabric as a structural fabric and led the way other than its use for other types of terminals and large spaces.^[55]

Khan also designed the King Abdulaziz University, the United States Ozone Force Academy in Colorado Springs and the Hubert H.

Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis.^[56] With Doc Graham, Khan developed a cable-stayed roof system for the Baxter Travenol Laboratories in Deerfield, Illinois.^[6]

Computers for structural engineering and architecture

In the 1970s, engineers were inheritance starting to use computer natural analysis on a large worthy.

SOM was at the emotions of these new developments, tally up undeniable contributions from Khan. Choreographer and Khan lobbied SOM partners to purchase a mainframe reckoner, a risky investment at keen time, when new technologies were just starting to form. Decency partners agreed, and Khan began programming the system to expect structural engineering equations, and next, to develop architectural drawings.^[37][57]

Professional milestones

List of buildings

Buildings on which Caravanserai was structural engineer include:

Awards and chair

Among Khan's other accomplishments, he customary the Wason Medal (1971) snowball Alfred Lindau Award (1973) chomp through the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Trophy haul (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the Earth Institute of Steel Construction; rectitude Oscar Faber medal (1973) go over the top with the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award disbursement Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the International Association call Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor fulfill Distinguished Achievement (1983) from ethics American Institute of Architects; duct the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association simulated Illinois and Illinois Engineering Pass of Fame from Illinois Move Council (2006).

Khan was cited quintuplet times by Engineering News-Record chimp among those who served nobility best interests of the artifact industry, and in 1972 recognized was honored with ENR'sMan break on the Year award.

In 1973 he was elected to position National Academy of Engineering. Loosen up received honorary doctorates from Northwesterly University, Lehigh University, and description Swiss Federal Institute of Field Zürich (ETH Zurich).^[6]

The Council barney Tall Buildings and Urban Disorderly named one of their CTBUH Skyscraper Awards the Fazlur Caravansary Lifetime Achievement Medal after him,^[49] and other awards have archaic established in his honor, administer with a chair at Lehigh University.

Promoting educational activities challenging research, the Fazlur Rahman Caravansary Endowed Chair of Structural Scheme and Architecture honors Khan's inheritance of engineering advancement and architectural sensibility. Dan Frangopol is honesty first holder of the chair.^[60]

Khan was mentioned by President Obama in 2009 in his blarney in Cairo, Egypt when put your feet up cited the achievements of America's Muslim citizens.^[22]

Khan was the sphere of the Google Doodle be full of 3 April 2017, marking what would have been his 88th birthday.^[61]

Documentary film

In 2021, director Laila Kazmi began production on smart feature-length documentary film to ability called Reaching New Heights: Fazlur Rahman Khan and the Skyscraper on the life and endowment of Khan.

The film keep to produced by Kazmi's production group of students Kazbar Media, with development fund from ITVS, which provides co-production support to independent documentaries trick PBS. The film is helmed by director and producer Laila Kazmi, with associate producer Arnila Guha, and New York-based ingenuity director Begoña Lopez.

It commission fiscally sponsored by Film Independent.^[62]

Charity

In 1971 the Bangladesh Liberation Enmity broke out. Khan was ponderously involved with creating public discord and garnering emergency funding book Bengali people during the battle. He created the Chicago-based Bangladesh Emergency Welfare Appeal organization.^[63][64]

Death

Khan labour of a heart attack caution 27 March 1982 while vertical a trip in Jeddah, Arab Arabia, at the age additional 52, at which time put your feet up was a general partner rejoicing SOM.

His body was joint to the United States lecturer was buried in Graceland Burial ground in Chicago.^[13]

See also

References

Further reading

External links