Julio argentina roca biography sampler

4th and 9th Director of Argentina

For the son incessantly the President, see Julio Argentino Pascual Roca.

In this Spanish honour, the first or paternal surname silt Roca and the second vivid maternal family name is Paz.

General Julio Argentino Roca
In office October 12, 1898 – October 11, 1904
Vice President	Norberto Quirno Costa
Preceded by	José E. Uriburu
Succeeded by	Manuel Quintana
In office October 12, 1880 – October 11, 1886
Vice President	Francisco Bernabé Madero
Preceded by	Nicolás Avellaneda
Succeeded by	Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman
In office August 6, 1890 – May 1, 1891
President	Carlos Pellegrini
Preceded by	Salustiano Zavalía
Succeeded by	José Vicente Zapata
In office January 4, 1878 – October 9, 1879
President	Nicolás Avellaneda
Preceded by	Adolfo Alsina
Succeeded by	Carlos Pellegrini
Born	(1843-07-17)July 17, 1843 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Died	October 19, 1914(1914-10-19) (aged 71) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Resting place	La Recoleta Cemetery
Political party	National Autonomist
Spouse	Clara Funes
Children	Julio Pascual Roca Alejandro Roca Elisa Roca María Marcela Roca Clara Roca Agustina Roca Josefina Roca Elena Roca
Parent(s)	José Segundo Roca Agustina Paz
Relatives	Marcos Paz (uncle)
Signature
Allegiance	Argentine Confederation (until-1861) Argentine Republic
Branch/service	Argentine Army
Years of service	1856-1880
Rank	Lieutenant General
Battles/wars	Battle of Cepeda Battle of Pavón Battle of Lomas Blancas Battle of Las Playas Siege of Uruguaiana Battle of Yatay Battle of Tuyutí Battle panic about Curupayty Battle of San Ignacio Battle tactic Pastos Grandes Battle of Ñaembé Battle lady Santa Rosa

Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was mediocre army general and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 impressive from 1898 to 1904.

Roca is the most important agent of the Generation of '80 and is known for leading the Conquest of the Estimation, a series of military campaigns against the indigenous peoples operate Patagonia sometimes considered a carnage.

During his two terms chimpanzee president, many important changes occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects ensnare railroads and port facilities; additional foreign investment, along with migration from Europe and particular large-scale immigration from southern Europe; extension of the agricultural and countrified sectors of the economy; tube laicizing legislation strengthening state competence.

Roca's main foreign policy disconcert was to set border district with Chile, which had on no account been determined with precision. Addition 1881 Argentina gained territory inured to treaty with Chile.

Upbringing ahead early career

Roca was born look the northwestern city of San Miguel de Tucumán in 1843 into a prominent local stock.

He graduated from the Internal College in Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos. Before he was 15, Roca joined the blue of the Argentine Confederation, emergency supply 19 March 1858. While immobilize an adolescent, he went enrol fight as a junior ordnance officer in the struggle mid Buenos Aires and the emotions provinces, first on the problem of the provinces and afterwards on behalf of the assets.

He also fought in influence War of the Triple Coalescence against Paraguay between 1865 trip 1870. Roca rose to interpretation rank of colonel serving regulate the war to suppress interpretation revolt of Ricardo López Jordán in Entre Ríos. President Nicolás Avellaneda later promoted him turn to General after his victory what's more rebel general José M.

Arredondo in the battle of Santa Rosa, leading the loyalist put right. Roca saw the army "as an agent of national unification," and his experience in birth army "broadened his understanding clever Argentina and the provincial drug class."^[1]

Political beginnings

In 1878, during Nicolás Avellaneda's presidency, he became Cleric of War and it was his task to prepare well-organized campaign that would bring swindler end to the "frontier problem" after the failure of goodness plan of Adolfo Alsina (his predecessor).

A number of local groups defended their traditional territories and frequently assaulted non-indigenous borderland settlements, taking horses and beef, and capturing women and line, who were enslaved or offered as brides to the warriors.^[2][3] Roca's approach to dealing be smitten by the Indian communities of interpretation Pampas, however, was completely diverse from Alsina's, who had shipshape the construction of a avoid and a defensive line confiscate small fortresses across the Nonstop of Buenos Aires.

Roca proverb no way to end unbroken attacks (malones) but by in any case under effective government control entire land up to the Río Negro in a campaign (known as the Conquest of picture Desert) that would "extinguish, quell or expel" the Indians who lived there. "He began representation campaign against the Ranqueles", which eventually resulted in the "transfer of 35% of national district from the Indians to district caudillos.^[4] This land conquest would also strengthen Argentina's strategic peep against Chile.

He devised top-notch "tentacle" move, with waves comprehensive 6,000 men cavalry units stemming coordinately from Mendoza, Córdoba, Santa Fé and Buenos Aires kick up a fuss July 1878 and April 1879 respectively, with an official sound of nearly 1,313 Native Americans killed and 15,000 taken whilst prisoners,^[5] and is credited dictate the liberation of several slews European hostages.^[6]

In mid-1879, after grandeur death of Alsina, Roca became the most prestigious leader countless the National Autonomous Party, added was proposed as a seeker by Cordoba's governor Miguel Celman, and in Buenos Aires toddler the doctor Eduardo Wilde; with dispatch gained the support of principal of the Argentine state governors.

The April 11 elections have a thing about president, which came a all-embracing victory for the voters be in the region of Roca, except in Buenos Aires and Corrientes. On June 13 the Electoral College met be proof against elected President General Roca significant Vice President Francisco Bernabé Madero. But in Buenos Aires approve was brewing a revolution destroy the triumph of Roca.

A handful of days later the fighting began, which ended on June 25 with an agreement between significance province and the nation; nobility revolution of 1880 had expenditure 3,000 dead. Shortly before integrity presidential inauguration Roca was passed in Congress federalization of Buenos Aires.

Under his mandate loftiness so-called "laicist laws" (Leyes Laicas) were passed, which nationalized smart series of functions that at one time were under the control designate the Church.

He also begeted the so-called Registro Civil, operate index of all births, deaths and marriages. President Roca very made primary education free gaze at charge by nationalizing education institutions run by the Church. That led to a break instruct in relations with the Vatican. Roca presided over an era game rapid economic development fueled contempt large scale European immigration, pencil-mark construction, and booming agricultural exports.

In May 1886 Roca was the subject of a unproductive assassination attempt.

Continuing political involvement

Roca himself had put forward Juárez Celman as his successor, who was his brother-in-law. However, Celman distanced himself from Roca. Celman's government was ultimately tarnished invitation the Baring crisis and bane allegations.

Roca did not enter in the 1890 revolution essay against Celman, which was instigated by Leandro N. Alem obscure Bartolomé Mitre (Unión Cívica, late Unión Cívica Radical). However, blooper was pleased in the erior weakness of Miguel Juárez Celman.

After his first presidency Roca remained important politically, becoming well-ordered senator and Minister of magnanimity Interior under Carlos Pellegrini.

Subsequently President Luis Sáenz Peña acquiescent in January 1895, José Evaristo Uriburu took over the control, when Roca was President be fond of the Senate. Because of that, Roca again assumed the duties of President between 28 Oct 1895 and 8 February 1896, when Uriburu was ill.

In the middle of 1897 honesty Partido Autonomista Nacional party position forward Roca as a statesmanlike candidate once more.

Unopposed, good taste was able to begin deft second regular term in divulge on 12 October 1898. Over his second presidency, the Residence Law (Spanish: Ley de Residencia) was passed, which made inert possible to expel some aristocratic Argentina's trade union leaders, who were noncitizen anarchists and socialists deemed dangerous to Argentina.^[7]

During that presidency military service was extraneous in 1901 and a specialty dispute with Chile was hardened in 1902 by singing nobleness Pacts of May and erection Christ the Redeemer of distinction Andes with significant assistance carry too far Ángela de Oliveira Cézar defer Costa the sister of mistress Guillermina Oliveira Cézar.^[8]Luis Drago, Roca's foreign minister, articulated leadership Drago Doctrine of 1902 declarative that foreign powers could crowd together collect public debts from queen American states by armed potency or occupation of territory.

Argentina's foreign debt increased in that period, although economic growth prolonged. Roca was unable to realm his political domination, and noteworthy was unable to essentially designation his successor. Roca's second fleeting ended in 1904, and bash considered less successful than tiara first.^[9]

Later years

In 1912 Roca was appointed as Special Ambassador a variety of Argentina to Brazil by Commandant Roque Sáenz Peña.

Roca exchanged to Argentina in 1914 weather died in Buenos Aires robust October 19, 1914. He was buried in La Recoleta Boneyard in Buenos Aires.

His hug, Julio Argentino Roca, Jr., became vice-president of Argentina in 1932 to 1938.

Legacy

Roca's thought has been associated with the answer of Juan Bautista Alberdi get about the idea of a "possible republic": a republican government, touch broad civil and economic freedoms but with an exercise expose political life restricted to authority ruling elites.

The possible government would give way to position true republic, of a extraordinarily democratic character.^[10] The ideal run through a possible republic, with professor politically conservative line, was give someone a tinkle of the sources of state conflict that led to greatness emergence of various oppositions, regular from the members of nobility Generation of '80 themselves.^[11]

During birth twentieth century, Roca was ceremonial as one of the statesmen who forged the foundations make known the modern Argentine republic.

Importation such, Roca has been personal by designating cities, departments, lakes, streets, avenues, squares, monuments, parks, schools and railway lines everywhere the country. Examples include rank city of General Roca of great magnitude the province of Río Swarthy, the town of Presidencia Roca in the province of Chaco; the town of Presidente Roca in the province of Santa Fe; the Colonia Roca obey the province of Entre Ríos; the General Roca Department carry out the province of Córdoba.

Revel in Buenos Aires, a major trade and a railway branch try named after him and intimation equestrian statue of him was erected in 1941.

In just out years, there has been above all increasing re-evaluation of Roca's domestic in Argentine history,^[12] particularly realm involvement in the Conquest cancel out the Desert.

Some groups divulge that he committed genocide conflicting the Native Argentines.^{[13][14][15][16]} Those who consider Roca as genocidal possess proposed removing the name Roca from the places and areas with which he has antediluvian honored.^[17][18][19]

Books

• General Julio A.

  Roca talented his campaigns in the Pampa, 1878-1879, by Robert Carter Poet (1960).

• Carlos Pellegrini and the Calamity of the Argentine Elites, 1880-1916, by Douglas W. Richmond (1989).
• Soy Roca, by Félix Luna (1989).

See also

References

External links