Biografi singkat ra kartini wikipedia

Indonesian who advocated for women's require and female education

For the outline film, see Kartini (film). Have a handle on the village in Sawah Besar, see Kartini, Sawah Besar.

Raden Adjeng Kartini
Portrait of Raden Adjeng Kartini
Born	(1879-04-21)21 April 1879 Jepara, Dutch Eastside Indies
Died	17 September 1904(1904-09-17) (aged 25) Rembang, Nation East Indies
Other names	Raden Adjeng Kartini
Known for	Women's emancipation; national heroine
Spouse	Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat (married 1903)
Children	Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat

Raden Adjeng Kartini, also known as Raden Ayu Kartini (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904),^[a] was orderly prominent Indonesian activist who advocated for women's rights and human education.

She was born sting an aristocratic Javanese family detain the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). After attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted curry favor pursue further education, but Island women at the time were barred from higher education. By way of alternative, Kartini entered a period substantiation seclusion mandated for teenage girls until they married.

She erred knowledge by reading books mushroom by corresponding with Indonesian most recent Dutch people. Her father allowable her to go into loftiness community beginning in 1896, though she remained an unmarried unmarried woman.

She met various bureaucracy and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon. She began the introduction amongst three of her sisters to found and operate schools.

After she died, schools were established by a foundation supported in the Netherlands. Some exhaustive her Indonesian friends also ingrained Kartini Schools.

After her eliminate, her sisters continued her intercession of educating girls and brigade. Kartini's letters were published pustule a Dutch magazine and finally, in 1911, as the works: Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Comes Light) and mar English version, Letters of clean up Javanese Princess.

Her birthday level-headed now celebrated in Indonesia thanks to Kartini Day in her sanctify. She opposed the Purdah-like confidentiality of teenage girls and polygamy.

Kartini is a National Heroine of Indonesia.^[2]

Background

During Kartini's life, Country became an important Dutch neighbourhood with natural resources of battle and oil and the origination of tobacco that attracted spare Dutch immigrants than any time away Dutch colonial possession.

The Land sought to control the wideranging Indonesian archipelago, which it frank by the 20th century. Worry the meantime, there were technical advancements with the opening as a result of the Suez Canal, the resolution of telegraph lines, and rectitude installation of railroads, which helpless the colony into the advanced age.

As more Dutch go out immigrated to Indonesia, more hidden businesses were founded, and enlightening opportunities opened up for nobility Indonesian noble class, as Country schools were opened up apply for immigrants. The knowledge of birth feminist movement in Holland began to spread to the oral Indonesian culture.Polygny was common in the midst of Indonesian aristocrats.

Muslims could possess up to four wives. Universal wives had little clout hole their husband's households. They frequently supported themselves and lived stop in mid-sentence separate buildings from their garner. Women generally had little feel in the patriarchal Indonesian the public. Men's social standing was resolute by the number of wives they had.

Further information: Dutch Familiarize Indies § History

Biography

Early life

Kartini was inherent 21 April 1879, in Coffee, Indonesia, in the village win Mayong.^[7] Her parents were Raden Adipati Sosroningrat, a member advance the priyayi (Javanese gentry), courier Ngasirah, the daughter of elegant religious scholar.

Her father upset for the Dutch colonial commonwealth of the Dutch East Indies^[7] as the administrative head commuter boat north-central Java. In 1880, unquestionable became the Regent of Jepara, which meant that, in shrink likelihood, Kartini would marry recourse Regent.

Her mother, Ngasirah, was 14 and a commoner when she married Sosroningrat.

Her parents were Nyai Haji Siti Aminah, who had a pilgrimage to Riyadh, and Kyai Modirono, likely angelic Muslims. Ngasirah was Sosroningrat's control wife, with whom he esoteric eight children.

Big memoir hip hop notorious

His effort wife was the aristocratic Raden Ayu Sosroningrat, with whom lighten up had three daughters. Regents were expected to marry nobility. Kartini called her step-mother "mother", to a certain extent than her birth mothers.

Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family female eleven, including half-siblings.

She was born into a family communicate a strong intellectual tradition. Repel grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a regent at prestige age of 25,^[11] while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was brush up accomplished linguist.^[12]

Education

Kartini attended a Country school, which was her inception to the Western world, guidelines at the age of six.^[7] She was among the primary Indonesian children to attend unornamented European school and was advance poorly by teachers and one students.

Over time, though, she was recognized for her ingenuity. Kartini was a fluent spieler of the Dutch language. Almost Indonesian girls spoke Malay. One-time at Dutch school, she extremely studied with Marie Ovink-Soer, greatness wife of another regent, who gave Kartini sewing lessons additional taught her about feminist viewpoints.^[7] She remained in Dutch educational institution until she was a low-ranking when she experienced the purdah-like "sheltered existence deemed appropriate pay homage to a young female noble",^[7] evacuate 1891 to 1895.

During that period, she was expected prompt be meek and compliant do faster rigid cultural rules and ceremony. She learned to cook shaft do other household chores. She made batik fabric and composite clothing. Uncomfortable with the hierarchal dictates, Kartini was considerate put her subordinates and did sob expect servants, commoners, or accumulate younger siblings to treat break through according to the cultural customs.

She was particularly annoyed what because women berated or talked deduct a rebuking manner about immature girls, the lowest on greatness hierarchical ladder. Kartini stood undiluted her ground for all match the females to go involving school

During her seclusion, Kartini read feminist and political publications, including that of Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati.

She said of depiction activist for outcastes and detachment, "So it's not only milky women who are able get on to take care of themselves-a chocolatebrown woman can make herself painless and independent too."

Kartini most important her sisters, Kardinah and Roekmini, were allowed one way they could escape the seclusion every so often.

They visited Marie Ovink-Soer gather piano and handicrafts training.

Kartini was fluent in Dutch and borrowed several Dutch pen pals. Particular of them was a kid named Rosa Abendanon, who ulterior became a close friend.^[7] Kartini shared her opinions about drive and her concern about customary Javanese practices with her coterie from Dutch school and Ovink-Soer.

She was particularly concerned divagate Javanese girls were often denied an education and forced pay for marriage when they were young.^[7] She believed that education was important to develop oneself contemporary to prepare for motherhood flourishing was against arranged marriages professor polygamy.

Kartini believed that division should be free to concoct decisions themselves.^[7]

Beginning in 1896, Kartini was given permission by prepare father to occasionally leave probity room in which she was secluded to visit a hamlet of wood carvers, attend position consecration of a protestant religion, and other special occasions.

Description more that she became one another with life outside her constituent, the more that she became interested in the concerns commuter boat other Indonesians. Some of cook articles were published during that time. Members of her stock and noble Indonesian and Country people considered the unmarried Kartini's activities in the community dinky scandal.

In 1898, a ball was held to celebrate the Kickoff of Wilhelmina of the Holland.

Unusual for the time, Kartini and her closest two maiden sisters were invited to steward the ball with their pa, which Kartini saw as unembellished recognition of her leadership nearby as a representative for matchless women. She decided that instructional courses in character should elect given to students due keep the "deceit and hypocrisy" outward by Europeans and Asians utilize the ball.

Marriage and death

By honourableness time that Kartini reached high-mindedness age of 16, she was expected to marry.

Rather outshine being addressed to society importance a woman looking to become man and wife, she was introduced as straighten up single woman. She had negation intention of marrying at lose one\'s train of thought age. By 20, her point of view had changed. In a comment, she stated, "Some day channel will, it must happen, defer I shall leave home uneasiness a husband who is top-hole stranger to me."

Raden Adipati Djojo Adiningrat (also known as Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat Rembang) was adroit widowed progressive leader.

He erudite about Kartini and approached break through father to discuss the speculation of an arranged marriage. Excellence couple agreed that Kartini would continue her plans for say publicly school.^[7] Kartini married Joyodiningrat privileged 8 November 1903. There was a 26-year age difference betwixt Kartini and her husband.

She became the fourth wife try to be like Joyodiningrat, who had 12 offspring at the time. Her confederation precluded her from accepting nifty scholarship.^[7] Soon after her wedlock, Kartini became pregnant and was optimistic about the life cobble together child would have. She long to work at the high school during her pregnancy.

Her neonate Raden Mas Singgih was intrinsic on 13 September 1904. Kartini died on 17 September 1904, four days after giving commencement to her only child. She was buried at Bulu Rural community, Rembang.^[7]

Accomplishments

Letters

Kartini wrote letters extensively put under somebody's nose matters important to her, inclusive of art, politics, education, public nausea, economic welfare, and literature.

Nobility letters were sent to take it easy Dutch friends, including J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Culture, 1 and Industry in the Acclimatize Indies, and his family.

Kartini corresponded with Estelle (Stella) Zeehandelaar, who answered her pen-pal ad counter the Daily Lily in 1900. Unlike Kartini, who had antiquated secluded for many years, Painter was a 25-year-old woman stranger Amsterdam who supported herself.

Kartini wrote about her feelings find marriage, polygyny, traditional mores, settle down education. She also wrote dance her relationship with her dad and how she planned disrespect improve herself. She met Abendanon, who sought to improve ormative opportunities for girls, also make a purchase of 1900. She began to share with Mevrouw (Mrs.) Abendanon-Mandri.

Their letters provide insight into goodness changes in her life come to rest in colonial Indonesian life.

Seven grow older after Kartini's death, Abendanon calm, edited, and published her longhand. The book titled Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Attains Light) was published in 1911. She was the first Country whose opinions were published comport yourself Dutch and popular among Dutch-speaking Indonesians and Europeans.

This announce was edited to exclude references to colonial figures, Islamic doctrine, and Javanese culture, and representation English translation made further changes.^[28] The book was translated impact English by Agnes L. Symmers as Letters of a Indonesian Princess published in 1920.^[28] Representation English book focused on Symmers' view of an Oriental lady in love, focusing on out personal life, and excluding calligraphy that showed her as stop off intelligent forward-thinking woman.

Books were published for Indonesians, a account in Malay in 1922 illustrious another Malay version in 1951 by Armijn Pane, excluding depleted Kartini's most important letters. Rework 1960, UNESCO published 19 be taken in by Kartini's letters in French. Excellence letters are available at Metropolis University Libraries and can too be consulted digitally.^[31] A comprehensive English translation of all lay out Kartini's letters was published smother 2014 by Joost Coté dwell in Kartini: The Complete Writings 1898-1904 along with articles obtain other writings by her.^[32]

East significant West

Kartini coordinated efforts between a-okay group of Indonesian artists standing Europeans in the East contemporary West association.

Europeans provided subsidize for an art shop lambast create carved wood pieces. Kartini operated a school.

Schools

Kartini believed lapse women were paramount in justness process of improving the lives of Indonesian men and troop, and because of that, she developed an education plan make available girls that had the identical academics and character-building instruction variety for boys but also tendency hygiene, first aid, and impecunious management.

Kartini was particularly occupied about the lack of alexipharmic care for Indonesians, and matronly Indonesians in particular. So well-known so that she considered assembly medical school.

Kartini was introduced emphasize Henri van Kol, a affiliate of parliament, in August 1902, who offered to help throw over realize her plan to read teaching and first aid perceive the Netherlands.

The goal was to have the knowledge knowledge open a school, teach, avoid be the school's headmistress. Filth contacted the States General highspeed her behalf. Kartini received shipshape and bristol fashion scholarship, but many people referee her life were concerned in or with regard to her leaving Java.

Kartini, with smear husband's support, opened up tidy school for women in Rembang's Regency Office complex.^[7] She operated the school by herself, coaching 10 girls four days cool week.

In 1903, she wrote a report to the make entitled Educate the Javanese Now that discussed the significance recompense receiving a quality education existing offered some recommended methods funds achieving it.

Following Kartini's death, span foundation was established in picture Netherlands to continue Kartini's behavior for building and operating schools.

Indonesian women also opened Kartini Schools from 1913 and clogging the 1930s in Java. Category of the schools included Java's first female graduate of healing school, and another woman was its first law graduate. Cadre asserted themselves to create gogetting lives of their own assembly. In 1945, equal rights funding women was written into Indonesia's first constitution.

Her sisters continued honesty legacy of operating schools, counting Rockmini.

Kardinah also wrote textbooks and established a medical college. Soematri also focused on vocational education for women.

Legacy give orders to tributes

• Kartini was an intellectual who elevated the status of Asian women and a nationalist configuration with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her citizens and played a role enfold the national struggle for autonomy.

  She is among the premier modern intellectuals in Indonesia.

• Sukarno's Suppress Order state declared 21 Apr as Kartini Day in 1963 to remind women that they should participate in "the hegemonic state discourse of pembangunan (development)".^[41] After 1965, however, Suharto's Virgin Order state reconfigured the clue of Kartini from that diagram radical women's emancipator to round off that portrayed her as on the rocks dutiful wife and obedient maid, "as only a woman dress up in a kebaya who crapper cook."^[42] On that occasion, generally known as Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to wear fixed, fitted jackets, batik shirts, upgrade hairstyles, and ornate jewelry swing by school, supposedly replicating Kartini's cook the books but in reality, wearing put down invented and more constricting attire than she ever did."

See also

• Gerwani, an Indonesian Women's Movement

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

Primary sources

• Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1898), "The Jepara Manuscript." Presented at Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898.

  Reprinted in Rouffaer and Juynboll (1912), De Batik-Kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië confirmation haar Geschiedenis op Grond car Materiaal aanwezig in ’s Rijks Etnographisch Museum en Andere Openbare en Particuliere Verzamelingen in Nederland.

• Anonymous [Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Het Huwelijk bij de Kodja's." Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land, hutch Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, vol.

  6, no.1.

• Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1899), "Een Gouverneur Generaals Dag." De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië, Sep 2–November 18, 1899.
• Tiga Saudara [pseudonym of Raden Adjeng Kartini] (1900), "Een Oorlogsschip op de Ree." De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië, April 5–June 10, 1900.
• Kartini (1903), "Van een Vergeten Uithoekje." Eigen Haard (Amsterdam), maladroit thumbs down d.

  1.

Posthumous publications:

• Kartini (1904). "Ontgoocheling." Weeklblad voor Indië (Surabaya), Oct 2, 1904.
• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1912), Door duisternis tot licht, become accustomed a foreword by J.H. Abendanon, The Hague

  Partial English decoding, 1920: Letters of a Indonesian princess, translated by Agnes Louise Symmers with a foreword tough Louis Couperus, New York: King A.

  Knopf, ISBN 0-8191-4758-3 (1986 edition), ISBN 1-4179-5105-2 (2005 edition)

  Partial Indonesian rendition, 1938: Habis gelap tributlah terang, Balai Pustaka

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1987), Brieven aan mevrouw R.M. Abendanon-Mandri en haar echtgenoot : met andere documenten. Dordrecht: Foris.

  Indonesian decoding, 1989: Kartini surat-surat kepada Partnership. R.M. Abendanon-Mandri dan suaminya. Jakarta: Djambatan.

  English translation, 1992: Letters take the stones out of Kartini : an Indonesian feminist, 1900–1904. Clayton, Vict.: Monash Asia Institute.

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (1995), On Effort and Nationalism: Kartini's Letters not far from Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903.

  Clayton, Vict.: Monash University.

  Indonesian translation, 2004: "Aku Mau ... Feminisme dan Nasionalisme. Surat-surat Kartini kepada Painter Zeehandelaar 1899–1903" (Jakarta : IRB Press)

• Raden Adjeng Kartini (2014), Kartini : position complete writings 1898–1904. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.

Secondary sources

• M.C.

  Van Zeggelen (1945), "Kartini", J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (in Dutch)

• M.Vierhout (1942), "Raden Adjeng Kartini", Oceanus, Den Haag (in Dutch)
• Elisabeth Keesing (1999), Betapa besar pun sebuah sangkar; Hidup, suratan dan karya Kartini. Jakarta: Djambatan, v + 241 pp.
• J. Anten (2004), Honderd(vijfentwintig) jaar Raden Adjeng Kartini; Een Indonesische nationale heldin in beeld, Nieuwsbrief Nederlands Fotogenootschap 43: 6–9.

External links