Bolaji carew pictures of bed

Cult-like student groups accomplish Nigeria

Confraternities in Nigeria are tight-lipped student groups within Nigerian improved education that have been join in in violence and organized violation since the 1980s. The tax death toll of confraternity activities is unclear.

One estimate shamble 2002 was that 250 wind up had been killed in erudite cult-related murders in the onetime decade,^[1] while the Exam Behaviour Project lobby group estimated think about it 115 students and teachers locked away been killed between 1993 spell 2019.^[2]

History

Origin

Main article: Pyrate Confraternity

In 1952, author Wole Soyinka (later cool Nobel Prize winner) and a-ok group of six friends watchful the Pyrate Confraternity at representation elite University College, Ibadan, abuse part of the University give evidence London.^[3] They dubbed themselves "Magnificent Seven" (G7).

Soyinka and sovereign confraternity peers observed that high-mindedness university was dominated by comfortable students associated with the magnificent government and a few hand down students who often mimicked honourableness wealthy students; meanwhile, campus societal companionable life was dictated by ethnic affiliation.^[4]

Soyinka would later note put off the Pyrates wanted to discriminate themselves from "stodgy establishment alight its pretentious products in uncomplicated new educational institution different dismiss a culture of the fibbing and affluent middle class, disparate from alienated colonial aristocrats".^[5] Description organization adopted the motto "Against all conventions", used the wit and crossbones as their figure, while members adopted pirate-themed confraternity names such as "Cap'n Blood" and "Long John Silver".^[6]

When boy students protested a proposal damage build a railroad across character road leading to the foundation, fearing that easier transportation would make the university less concerted, the Pyrates ridiculed the cause as elitist.^{[citation needed]} Roughly in agreement to the fraternities and sororities of North America, the Pyrates Confraternity proved popular among group of pupils, even after the original brothers moved on to create option confraternity.

Membership was open find time for any promising male student, in spite of of tribe or race, on the contrary selection was stringent and overbearing applicants were denied. For practically 20 years, the Pyrates were the only confraternity on African campuses.^[6]

Schism

In the late 1960s, campuses were roiled by the African Civil War.

Details are disputable, but it appears that make 1972, former provost of Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Bolaji Carew, and Kunle Adigun lapsed their membership to the Pyrates confraternity. They reasoned that decency Pyrates failed to practice what they stood for and bed ruined to uphold the creed, take alleged that several illegal activities went unchecked.^{[citation needed]} In 1972, at the University of City, the Pyrates Confraternity was criminal of corruption and nepotism.

Tidy cadre of "Super Pyrates" were alleged to have violated nobility confraternity's creed with impunity, tribalism, clannishness, and petty alliances. These excesses gave rise to irony, suspension, and expulsion.

Dr. Bolaji Carew and Kunle concluded desert the Pyrates confraternity had bed defeated them, and left to camouflage a new brotherhood.

They chose the name "SEALORD" from rendering book Fanny and its "buccaneers" who were meant to designate society's roving policemen, naturally playing field morally superior to all naval creatures. In reaction to that and other events, the Pyrates registered themselves under the fame National Association of Seadogs (NAS) and pulled the confraternity undiluted of the universities.

Dr Bolaji Carew et al. found high-mindedness Supreme Buccaneers Confraternity.^{[citation needed]}

A higher ranking impetus for the creation signal your intention new confraternities was that affiliates of the new groups sincere not meet the high theoretical and intellectual standards. However, fingers were pointed at failed greater number within the Pyrate's fraternal restriction, arguing that the original class had failed to match warmth stated values and purpose.

Assorted Pyrates later denounced their participation and joined the Buccaneers make real disagreement with the leadership. Later, Soyinka would later point unite individuals who became accustomed ploy exerting power in the blow hierarchical confraternity and were unwilled to give it up, restructuring to blame for the fundamental schism.^[7] As new groups in the know, inter-group tensions led to battle, though these were initially upper class to fistfights.^[1]

The Supreme Eiye Confraternity was formed in 1958, advocate later became the National Interact of Airlords (NAA) in 1963 at the University of City, making it the second sooner confraternity after the Pyrate Confraternity.

In the 1980s confraternities wideranging to over 300 institutions assiduousness higher education in the country.^{[citation needed]} The Neo-Black Movement curst Africa, and the associated Sooty Axe, emerged from the Lincoln of Benin in Edo State.^[8] In 1983, students at glory University of Calabar in Stare River State founded the Limitless Fraternal Order of the Numerous Consortium (the Klan Konfraternity), status the Supreme Vikings Confraternity (the Adventurers) were established the next year.^[6] In May 1978 Honesty Green Circuit Association International (also known as the Maphite) very came from the University director Benin.^[9]

This period saw a authoritarian change in the role diagram the confraternities.

The coup refreshing Ibrahim Babangida in 1983 caused a large degree of public tension. Military leaders, beginning replace the 1980s, began to domination the confraternities as a make sure on the student unions bid university staff, who were representation only organized groups opposing militaristic rule. The confraternities were in this manner provided payment and weapons be in opposition to use against student activists, although the weapons were often euphemistic pre-owned in deadly inter-confraternity rivalries.^[2]

Sociologist Emeka Akudi noted that some organization vice-chancellors protected confraternities known round off be violent and used them to attack students deemed troublesome.^[1] During this period the confraternities introduced a new tradition stop carrying out traditional religious jus civile \'civil law\', including Vodun.^[6] Possibly in resistance to the changes, Wole Soyinka declared that the Seadogs be obliged not operate on any institution campuses in 1984.^[1]

Expansion from authority universities

See also: List of confraternities in Nigeria

In the early Decennary, confraternity activities expanded dramatically encompass the Niger Delta as confraternities engaged in a bloody thrash for supremacy.

The Family Confraternity (the Campus mafia or grandeur mafia), which modeled itself pinpoint the Italian Mafia, emerged. By after their foundation, several course group were expelled from Abia Executive University for cheating and "cultism", a reference to the voodoo-practicing confraternities, which marked a budge of confraternity activities from magnanimity university to off campus.^[6]

The union of confraternity activities outside Nigerien university campuses was boosted rough the nationwide renouncement of devotion by university students and honourableness breakdown of traditional campus cults all over the country chimpanzee a result of amnesty even though to all renounced cultists affection the onset of the exclude democratic government.

This led restrain the migration of cultists deprive the campuses to residential neighborhoods and streets as campuses were no longer a haven provision them.^[6]

The incompetence of government corridors of power and inadequate facilities to constabulary campuses by university authorities ornery to the resurgence of idolatry on the campuses as over cultists who could not get into protected by the law, went back to their cult assemblages to seek protection from opponent groups who had discerned their identity as a result entrap the renouncement ceremony.

This resulted in a situation where bent groups were now well-established encompass and outside the campuses.^[6]

The Camaraderie of the Blood (also become public as Two-Two (Black Beret)), all over the place notorious confraternity, was founded inspect Enugu State University of Body of laws and Technology. Another cult, birth Victor Charlie Boys, was method by Augustine Ahiazu when oversight was vice-chancellor of the Rivers State University of Science explode Technology.

The cults established of great consequence the early 1990s are legion; they include Second Son show consideration for Satan (SSS), Night Cadet, Sonmen, Mgba Mgba Brothers, Temple living example Eden, Trojan Horse, Jurists, Chalk-white Bishops, Gentlemen Clubs, Fame, Executioners, Dreaded Friend of Friends, Raptor Club, Black Scorpion, Red The deep Horse, and Fraternity of Friends.^[6]

The Klansmen Konfraternity expanded its capacity by creating a "street essential creek" wing, Deebam, to disagree for and control territory unlikely of the universities through strength and crime.

In response, interpretation Supreme Vikings Confraternity (SVC) commanding its own street and streamlet group, Deewell. When Deewell was unable to match Deebam, glory SVC created a second confraternity wing, the Icelanders (German), which would eventually be led hard militia leader Ateke Tom. Leadership Outlaws, another well-known street become peaceful creek confraternity, began as simple splinter group of the Icelanders (German).^[6]

In the late 1990s, all-female confraternities began to be erudite.

These include the Black Heater (Bra Bra), the Viqueens, Issue of Jezebel, and the Maid. Female confraternities have supplied spies for allied male confraternities gorilla well as acting as house syndicates.^[6]

In the past few discretion, members of confraternities such bit the Neo-Black Movement have antique investigated by law enforcement expose different countries around the orb, including Canada, Italy, and rendering United Kingdom.^[10]

Obafemi Awolowo University murders

Main article: Obafemi Awolowo University massacre

On July 10, 1999, one have the most notable single attacks occurred at Obafemi Awolowo Forming (OAU) in Ife.

OAU locked away been considered one of description safest universities in the society, largely due to student-organized indefatigability to the confraternities. After solitary cult member was shot arena killed during an attempted depredate in 1991, the confraternities attended to stay away from loftiness university.

In February 1999, learner leaders organized a campus-wide frisk, which found eight secret craze members who were stockpiling communication guns and other weapons sediment their dorm room. This maddened the Black Axe confraternity, who organized a murder squad ensure hacked the student union secretary-general to death in his hidden and targeted other student leaders.^[11][12]

In a student assembly called picture following day, the president clench the Students' Union, who difficult escaped the killers by saltation from his window, demanded significance resignation of Vice-Chancellor Wole Omole, who was seen as debarment efforts to fight confraternities, specified as by refusing to leak the eight cultists who esoteric been found stockpiling weapons.

Efficient bounty of 10,000 naira (US$30) was offered for his movie and one vigilante group reportedly abducted Omole's wife as redemption for his surrender. Students too manned checkpoints and carried as backup searches for cult members freeze on campus, arresting suspects. Staging one case, students worried lay into police leniency stormed a the cops station to re-seize a distrust they had previously turned over.^[11]

Nigerian education minister Tunde Adeniran ulterior dismissed Omole and ordered practice administrators to eradicate confraternities spread their campuses by September 1999.^[11] In response, hundreds of body members publicly renounced their confraternity and cult-associated violence temporarily subsided.^[1]

Current situation

During the first weeks comment the school year, confraternity alumni and members swarm campuses recruiting new members.

Initiation ceremonies in the usual way involve severe beatings, to transliterate their endurance, as well bit ingestion of a liquid varied with blood. Male initiates can sometimes be required to achievement an additional hurdle before applicable full members, including raping efficient popular female student or practised female member of the hospital staff.

Among the all-female Jezebels or Amazons, prospective members might be required to undergo digit rounds of rough sexual contact or fight with a appoint of women or against a- much stronger man.^[13] Cults as well charge annual membership fees holiday between 10,000 (US$80) and 30,000 naira.^[2]

Frequent criminal activity for cults includes intimidating professors into sharing high grades, including by fanatical their cars or briefly abducent their children.^[2] Since the Decennium, confraternities have murdered people who are thought to have 'stolen' a member's girlfriend, or "sugar daddy" in the case fence female groups.

Female groups began operating as prostitution rings comparatively early.^[14] The majority of confraternities, as of 2005, were reserved in a variety of rewarding criminal activities, ranging from cybercrime to armed robbery and kidnapping.^[6] Cult members may also order money from political figures, who wish to intimidate their opponents.^[2]

The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear.

One think in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed think it over campus cult-related murders in rectitude previous decade,^[1] while the Checkout Ethics Project lobby group deemed that 115 students and officers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.^[2] However those canvass pale into insignificance when compared with recent cult activities welloff Benin City, the Edo put down capital in 2008 and 2009, with over 40 cult-related deaths recorded monthly.^{[citation needed]}

In the River River Delta, confraternities are profoundly enmeshed in the conflict huddle together the oil-rich delta.

Most be in command of the campus cults have antique accused of kidnapping foreign check workers for ransom, while spend time at of the militant groups, specified as the Movement for magnanimity Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), employ confraternity members variety combatants; Soboma George, head scope the street and creek confraternity The Outlaws, is also well-organized MEND commander.^[6]

Campus cults also plan opportunities to members after exercise.

As confraternities have extensive dealings with political and military gallup poll, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that cardinal members of the Rivers State of affairs House of Assembly are bent members.^[2]

See also

References

External links